1.Dicto Simpliciter： 基于限定条件的论点

clipped form of "a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid",a Latin phrase meaning "from a saying(taken too) simply to a saying according to what(it really is)".

Definition:

The fallacy of accident is committed by an argument that applies a general rule to a particular case in which some special circumstances (“accident”) makes the rule inapplicable.

Examples:

(i) Exercise is good. Therefore everybody should exercise.

(ii) Watching television is a waste of time.

2.Hasty Generalization： 草率结论, 不完全归纳

Definition:

The size of the sample is too small to support the conclusion.

Examples:

(i) Fred, the Australian, stole my wallet. Thus, all Australians are thieves. (Of course, we shouldn't judge all Australians on the basis of one example.)

(ii) I asked six of my friends what they thought of the new spending restraints and they agreed it is a good idea. The new restraints are therefore generally popular.

Proof:

Identify the size of the sample and the size of the population, then show that the sample size is too small. Note: a formal proof would require a mathematical calculation. This is the subject of probability theory. For now, you must rely on common sense.

3.Post Hoc： 拉丁文，全称为 Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc，意思是假性因果。

clipped form of"Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc", a Latin phrase meaning"after this, therefore because of this"

a fallacy in logic of thinking that a happening which follows another must be its result.

其他类似名称：False Cause, Questionable Cause, Confusing Coincidental Relationships With Causesd,

Definition:

The name in Latin means "after this therefore because of this". This describes the fallacy. An author commits the fallacy when it is assumed that because one thing follows another that the one thing was caused by the other.

Examples:

(i) Immigration to Alberta from Ontario increased. Soon after, the welfare rolls increased. Therefore, the increased immigration caused the increased welfare rolls.

(ii) I took EZ-No-Cold, and two days later, my cold disappeared.

Proof:

Show that the correlation is coincidental by showing that:

(i) the effect would have occurred even if the cause did not occur;

(ii) that the effect was caused by something other than the suggested cause.

4.Contradictory Premises：二立背反，大前提有毛病

Examples: