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第八章  关系代词与关系从句

(2012-02-05 20:29:24)
标签:

杂谈

关系从句有三类:限定性关系从句(参见第72节至第77节),非限定性关系从句(参见第78节至第81节),连接性关系从句(参见第82节)。

72  限定性关系从句 

这类从句修饰前面的名词,使其有别于其他同类名词。这类从句对清楚了解所修饰名词的特征是必不可少的:

The man who told me this refused to give me his name

告诉我这件事的那个人拒不说出他的姓名。

who told me this是关系从句。如果省略,句中所提到的那个人是谁就不清楚了。要注意,在被修饰的名词和限定性关系从句之间不加逗号。

限定性关系从句常常跟在the+名词之后,但也可以用于a an+名词、不加the的复数名词、代词allnoneanybody somebody等以及those之后。

aan+名词、不带the的复数名词及somebodysomeonesome thing之后的从句有时只是间接地限定这些名词/代词。

在这种情况下名词/代词常常是动词或介词的宾语:

I met someone who said he knew you

我碰到了说自己认识你的一个人。

The book is about a girl who falls in love with

这本书是关于一个女孩,她爱上了……

有时这些从句由一个词或短语将它们与名词/代词分开:

Theres a man here who wants

这儿有个男人,他想要……

I saw something in the paper which would interest you

我在报上看到了一些你会感兴趣的东西。

但是,通常关系从句应该紧跟在它们修饰的名词或代词之后:

The noise that he made woke everybody up

他弄出的响声把大家都吵醒了。

She was annoyed by something that I had said

她为我说的某句话而不高兴。

73  用于限定性关系从句的关系代词

词形变化如下:

 

 

第八章 关系代词与关系从句 - gyzhbq - gyzhbq的博客

74   指人的限定性关系从句 

A主格

whothat,通常用who

The man who robbed you has been arrested

抢劫你的那个人已经被逮捕了。

The girls who serve in the shop are the owners daughters

在店里接待顾客的那几个女孩都是店老板的女儿。

Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in

只有那些预先订票的人可以进去。

Would anyone who saw the accident please get in touch with the police

凡亲眼看见发生事故的人请与警方联系。

但是在alleveryoneeverybodyno onenobodythose后面,也可用that替代who

Everyone whothat knew him liked him

认得他的人都喜欢他。

Nobody whothat watched the match will ever forget it

看了这场比赛的人都不会忘记它。

B动词的宾语

whomwhothat

指人的关系代词的宾格形式是whom,但这被认为是十分正规的说法。在口语中经常使用whothat来代替whomthat who更常用);更加普遍的是索性把宾格关系代词省略:

The man whom I saw told me to come back today

我见到的那个人叫我今天返回。或:

The man who I saw

The man that I saw

The man I saw…(省略关系代词)

The girls whom he employs are always complaining about their pay

他雇用的那些女孩子们老是抱怨薪水太低。或:

The girls who he employs

The girls that he employs

The girls he employs…(省略关系代词)

C介词的宾语

whomthat

在正规的英语中介词通常位于关系代词之前,这时关系代词

必须使用whom这一形式:

the man to whom I spoke我跟说话的那个人

而在非正式的口语中经常把介词置于句末。这时用that来代替whom,但更加普遍的是索性省略关系代词:

the man whowhom I spoke to

the man that I spoke to

the man I spoke to

同样:

The man from whom I bought it told me to oil it

卖给我这件东西的那个人嘱咐我给它上点油。或:

The man whothat I bought it from

The man I bought it from

The friend with whom I was travelling spoke French

和我一起旅行的那个朋友讲法语。或:

The friend whothat I was travelling with

The friend I was travelling with

D所有格

关系代词的所有格只有whose这一种形式:

People whose rents have been raised can appeal

那些被增加了租金的人可以上诉。

The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him

这部电影是关于一个被自己妻子出卖的间谍的故事。

75   指物的限定性关系从句 

A主语

whichthat,而which较正式:

This is the picture whichthat cansed such a sensation

这就是那部轰动一时的电影。

The stairs whichthat lead to the cellar are rather slippery

通向地窖的楼梯相当滑。

(另参见下面B。)

B动词的宾语

whichthat或干脆省略关系代词:

The car whichthat I hired broke down.或:

我租用的那辆小汽车抛锚了。

The car I hired

一般在alleverythinglittlemuchnoneno,由no构成的复合词及形容词的最高级形式之后很少使用which,而常用that。如果这个关系代词是动词的宾语时也可省略:

All the apples that fall are eaten by the pigs

掉在地上的苹果都让猪吃了。

This is the best hotelthat I know

这是我所知道的最好的饭店。

C介词的宾语

规范的结构是介词+which,但通常都把介词移到从句的末尾,用关系代词whichthat或干脆省去关系代词:

The ladder on which I was standing began to slip

我脚下的梯子开始向下滑动。或:

The ladder whichthat I was standing on began to slip

The ladder I was standing on began to slip

D所有格

可以用whose+从句这种结构,但通常是用with+短语这种结构来代替它:

a house whose walls were made of glass用玻璃做墙的房子

a house with glass walls(译文同上)

E关系副词

whenwherewhy

注意:when可以代替用于指时间的inon which

the year when(=in whichhe was born他出生的那一年

the day when=on whichthey arrived他们到达的那一天

where可以代替用于指地点的inat whichthe hotelwhere=inat which they were staying他们当时住的旅店why可代替for which

The reason why he refused is

他拒绝的理由是……

whenwherewhy有这种用法时叫做关系副词。

76  分裂句:itbe+

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