结构并列原则在翻译实践中的运用
      --以《第七届英语世界杯翻译大赛(汉译英)》为例
                               颜林海

一、范文及译文赏析

                                    Of Studies
                                 Francis Bacon
(1)Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. (2)Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; (Their chief use) for ornament, is in discourse; and (Their chief use) for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business. (3)For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots, and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. (4)To spend too much time in studies, is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgement wholly by their rules is the humour of a scholar. (5)They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study: and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. (6)Crafty men condemn studies; simple men admire them; and wise men use them: for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. (7)Read not to contradict, and confute; (Read) nor to believe and take for granted; (Read) nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. (8)Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested: that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others (are) to be read but not curiously; and some few (are) to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. (9)Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts (may be) made of them by others: but that would be, only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of book: else distilled books are like common distilled waters, flashy things. (10)Reading maketh a full man; conference (maketh) a ready man; and writing (maketh) an exact man. (11)And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer lime, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. (12)Histories make men wise; poets (make men) witty; the mathematics (make men) subtle; natural philosophy (make men) deep; moral grave;logic and rhetoric (make men) able to contend. (13)Abeunt studia in mores[Studies pass into and influence manners] . (14)Nay, there is no stond or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appropriate exercises. (15)Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting (is good) for the lungs and breast; gentle walking (is good) for the stomach; riding (is good) for the head; and the like. (16)So if a man's wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again: if his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores [splitters of hairs]. (17)If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing, to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers' cases: so every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.
（以上英语原文括号中的字词是表示省略的成分。）

                                《论读书》
                                  颜林海译
         (1)读书之用有三：怡情、附雅、长智。(2)其怡情也，最见于独处归隐之时；其附雅也，最见于放言高论之际；其长智也，最见于事务处决之间。(3)干练之人善办事宜，或可究明一事一宜；然事之全局与统筹，唯博学之人可任焉。(4)读书费时过多者易慵懒；附弄风雅过甚者则矫情；事务处决强勉者乃学究之态。(5)天性之完善需读书，读书之完善需经验；盖人之天性犹如野生花木须修之以学问；然书之所示笼总并传须纬之以经验。(6)至于学问，取巧者贱之，愚鲁者慕之，睿智者用之；盖因学问旨不在示人用法，而用法乃智慧，在书之外而高于书，须加观察方可得之。(7)读书之旨，不在辩驳，不在盲信，亦不在寻章择句，而在权衡轻重，深谋远虑。(8)书籍，或可浅尝则止，或可囫囵吞枣，少数须咀嚼品味。换言之，或断章阅读即可，或浏览即可无须细读，少数须通篇细读用心品味。(9)或可请人代读，求其摘精取要即可；然此法宜于次劣或无关紧要之书；盖浓缩之书犹如蒸馏之水，淡而无味。(10)读书使人充实，论辩使人机敏，笔记使人精确。(11)故不常笔记者，须过目不忘；不常论辩者，须机敏智慧；不常读书者，须诡谲狡黠，方可使其无知似有知。(12)史鉴使人明智，诗人使人灵慧，数学使人精确，物理使人深沉，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞使人善辩。(13)可谓“学可炼性矣”。(14)不仅如此，凡心智障碍者，皆可读适宜之书以开阔心胸，犹如身体有痒可适宜锻炼而调养之。(15)滚球有益于膀胱与肾脏；射箭有益于肺胸；散步有益于肠胃；骑马有益于大脑等等。(16)与此同理，人若心神不宁，可令其研读数学，盖演算之时，若有走神必重新演算；人若不善辨异，可令其习诵经院哲学，盖书中条分缕析比比皆是。(17)人若不善旁征博引以处里事端，可令其阅读律师之卷宗。如此，人之心智，万般疾病皆有专方治焉。

二、结构并列原则及其在翻译中的运用
        从以上英语原文和汉语译文的篇法来看，英语和汉语都有一个结构并列的原则。但在结构并列的具体方式英语和汉语略有不同。
        在英语篇法中，相邻几个句子或子句，如果基本句型相同，而且部分字词成分相同，那么主句通常用完整句，而其他句子或子句中的相同部分的句子成分往往要省略。而在汉语篇法中，相邻几个句子或子句往往会采取同词重复或近义重复构成并列结构来积句成篇。(颜林海，2015:43)
         因此，英译汉时，要用增益法，将英语中省略的成分增益出来；汉译英时，可用遗省法，将汉语中重复的字词加以遗省。
        上面范文共有17个句子，其中(2) (4) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (15) (16-17)都是平行结构。在这12个句子中，除了(4) (6) (11) (16-17)之外都采取的是省略形式。从这12个句子中，我们发现，英语在积句成篇时是否采取省略形式取决于省略结构是否引起句子产生歧义，只要省略不产生了歧义，皆可以采取省略形式。

（一）英译汉
          英语省略式平行结构译为汉语时，一般要采用增益法，将英语原文省略的成分增益出来。如：
          (2)Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; (Their chief use) for ornament, is in discourse; and (Their chief use) for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business.
          其怡情也，最见于独处归隐之时；其附雅也，最见于放言高论之际；其长智也，最见于事务处决之间。
        (7)Read not to contradict, and confute; (Read) nor to believe and take for granted; (Read) nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.
         读书之旨，不在辩驳，不在盲信，亦不在寻章择句，而在权衡轻重，深谋远虑。
        (8)Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested: that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others (are) to be read but not curiously; and some few (are) to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.
       书籍，或可浅尝则止，或可囫囵吞枣，少数须咀嚼品味。换言之，或断章阅读即可，或浏览即可无须细读，少数须通篇细读用心品味。
      (9)Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts (may be) made of them by others:... .
        或可请人代读，求其摘精取要即可......。
      (10)Reading maketh a full man; conference (maketh) a ready man; and writing (maketh) an exact man.
       读书使人充实，论辩使人机敏，笔记使人精确。
       (12)Histories make men wise; poets (make men) witty; the mathematics (make men) subtle; natural philosophy (make men) deep; moral  (make men) grave;logic and rhetoric (make men) able to contend.
       史鉴使人明智，诗人使人灵慧，数学使人精确，物理使人深沉，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞使人善辩。
       (15)Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting (is good) for the lungs and breast; gentle walking (is good) for the stomach; riding (is good) for the head; and the like.
       滚球有益于膀胱与肾脏；射箭有益于肺胸；散步有益于肠胃；骑马有益于大脑等等。

（二）汉译英
        汉语平行结构译为英语时，要根据英语积句成篇的法则：如果相邻几个句子基本句型相同，而且部分字词相同，只要不产生歧义，相同部分字词皆可省略。
        仔细阅读下面汉语短文，预设一下，哪些句子译为英语时，可以采用英语的结构并列原则。
                         《知识与智慧》 
                                文/林巍 
       【1】知识与智慧的关系，是人们历来愿意谈论而又似乎谈不清的问题；然而，它的确与人们的学习、教育、生活、科技等方面有关。 
       【2】“知识”可以理解为“人类至今对于物质世界里客观事实系统化的认知”，而“智慧”则很难定义。查阅了各种工具书，其解释都难以令人满意，因为所谓智慧常与能力或聪明相混淆。
       【3】不同于许多人的观点，我以为，知识是智慧的基础，因为不可想象，一个有智慧的人是无知的。作为智慧化身的诸葛亮所以使出“借东风”的计谋，是因他有着丰富的天文地理知识；“塞翁失马”所以复得，是因他熟知马的习性。故而，亚里士多德说，在某种意义上，智慧是一种知识。 
        【4】但是，有知识绝不等于有智慧。一个大字不识的人，可能把某个复杂的问题看得很透，而一个哲学教授却可能在某些简单事情上做出蠢事。 
        【5】孔子说，“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆”；这里的“学”可理解为获得知识，“思”则是对于知识的运用，形成智慧。 
        【6】知识可以占有，智慧只能发挥；知识向外求得，智慧于内感悟；知识越获越丰富，智慧越凝越升华。老子说，“为学日益，为道日损”。 
        【7】对于人的智力，知识是分学科的，而智慧则是打通的；知识具有客观性、一致性、逻辑性，智慧则具主观性、个体性、创造性；知识没有善恶，智慧却可善可恶；知识最终为智慧所推论、总结、应用。
        【8】能力，是智慧在某一具体环节上的运用；聪明，则可理解为狭义的智慧。 
        【9】智慧其实无法尽用语言概括——还包括情感、品格、观念、德行、性情以及天时地利等综合因素的整合, 而其最高境界是“大智若愚”。所以，应当厘清概念：人工智能只可代替知识、能力和聪明，却永远也代替不了人的智慧。