音乐基本用语-- 数字低音和和弦结构 I/Figured Bass and Chordal Construction I_pangdunzi

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音乐基本用语-- 数字低音和和弦结构 I/Figured Bass and Chordal Construction I

(2008-12-29 23:39:01)

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数字低音和和弦结构 I/Figured Bass and Chordal Construction I

1. 低音/Bass

　　在和声中，低音是和弦里的最低音。低音不是必需的根音。

In harmony the bass is the lowest note in a chord. This is not necessarily the root or fundamental.

2. 数字低音记号/Figured-bass symbol

　　低音下可加数字以提示上方声部的音程。阿拉伯数字的作用在于此。罗马数字通常不是数字低音的组成部分，但可用来分析和弦的根音。根音不是低音的必需，除非和弦在本位和弦，用数字3，5来表示，虽然在本位和弦中这样的数字标记经常被省略。第一转位中，低音上的第三音和第六音用数字6和3表示，3通常省略。第二转位中，低音上的第四音和第六音用数字6和4表示。数字可用来表示低音上的任意音程。低音上的音符各不相同，低音上的音发八度音或更高。例如，C大调主音三和弦的第一转位与中间音发出高于八度的音，E - C – G，G和低音E构成复三度。升、降、还原号位于低音下，不包含数字，表示其上和弦中的升降三度。升、降、还原号可标在数字旁边，提示这些音程本身应该升或降。存在各种不同习惯表示增或减音程。

Numbers may be added below a bass note or voice to show the intervals to be sounded above that note. For this purpose Arabic numerals are used. Roman numerals do not form a part of the normal figured bass, but may be used in analysis to indicate the root of a chord. The root is not necessarily the bass, except when chords are in root position, to be indicated by the numbers 5 and 3, although such figuring is often omitted for chords in root position. A first inversion, with a third and a sixth (the original root) above the bass, is indicated by the numbers 6 and 3, although the 3 is often omitted. A second inversion, with a fourth (the original root) and a sixth above the bass, is indicated by the numbers 6 and 4. Numerals can be used to indicate any interval above the bass. The actual placing of the notes above the bass may differ, in that notes above the bass may be sounded an octave or more higher. For example the first inversion of the tonic triad of C major may be sounded with the middle note an octave higher, giving E - C - G, with G forming a compound third with the bass E. Sharp, flat or natural signs placed below the bass without other numbers indicate a sharpened or flattened third in the chord above it. Sharp, flat or natural signs may be placed next to numerals to indicate that these intervals themselves should be sharpened or flattened. Various conventions exist to indicate augmented or diminished intervals.

3. 转位和弦/Chord inversion

　　当和弦的底音被其他音替换时就发生了转位和弦。最简单的形式，三和弦，可通过以加原中间音或原最高音为底音来转换。三和弦的第一转位以原第三音为底音。三和弦的第二转位以原最高音为底音。

Chord inversions occur when the bottom note of a chord is placed above any of the other notes. In their simplest form, triads, or three-note chords, may be inverted by having either the original middle or the original top note at the bottom. The first inversion of a triad has the original third at the bottom. The second inversion of a triad has the original top note at the bottom.

4. 三和弦第一转位/First Inversion triad

　　三和弦第一转位用数字6-3和弦来表示，以原中间音为低音，原最高音为其上的三音，原最低音，根音，为其上的六音。C大调主音三和弦在原位为C-E-G，第一转位为E-G-C。高音置于另一音部，八度或更高。

A first inversion triad, expressed numerically as a 6-3 (six-three) chord, has its original middle note as its bass, with the original top note a third above it and the original bottom note, the root, a sixth above it. Thus the tonic triad of C major is C-E-G in root position, and E-G-C in first inversion. The upper notes may be placed in another register, an octave or more higher.

5. 三和弦第二转位/Second Inversion triad

　　三和弦第二转位用数字6-4和弦来表示，以原最高音为低音，原最低音，根音，为其上的四音，原中间音为其上的六音。C大调主音三和弦在原位为C-E-G，第二转位为G-C-E。高音置于另一音部，八度或更高。

A second inversion triad, expressed numerically as a 6-4 (six-four) chord, has its original top note as its bass, with the original bottom note, the root, a fourth above it and the original middle note a sixth above it. Thus the tonic triad of C major is C-E-G in root position, and G-C-E in second inversion inversion. The upper notes may be placed in another register, an octave or more higher.

6. 八度代换/Octave displacement

　　八度代换是在原位上（或下）加一个音或更多的八度。和弦中低音或最低音的改变影响其性质，但是替换稍高的音则不会影响原和弦的性质。在本为和弦C大调主音三和弦中，C-E-G，中间音可被一个或多个高于八度的音替换，而不影响三和弦的性质。

Octave displacement is the placing of a note one or more octaves above (or below) its original position. Changes in the bass or lowest note of a chord affect its nature, but higher notes may be displaced without affecting the nature of the original chord. Thus in the tonic triad of C major in root position, C-E-G, the middle note may be placed one or more octaves higher without affecting the nature of the triad.

7. 八度重奏/Octave doubling

　　大三和弦的任意音符加一个相同音符即可重奏，高于八度。通常重奏时要细心，在大三和弦的中间音和弦，无论是本为还是转位，会使结构thicken，和弦变得不均衡。八度中的根音通常重奏，其次是最上面的音和第五音。

Any note in a triad may be doubled by adding the same note again, an octave higher. Care is usually taken in such doubling, as an injudicious doubling of the middle note in a triad, whether in root position or in an inversion, can thicken the texture and unbalance the chord. The root can generally be doubled at the octave and, slightly less frequently, the top note, the fifth.

8. 转位记号缩写/Abbreviated inversion symbols

　　转位记号用阿拉伯数字来表示。5-3,表示本位和弦，通常省略。6-3表示第一转位，3通常省略。6-4表示第二转位。

Arabic numerals are used as inversion symbols. 5-3, often omitted, indicates a chord in root position. 6-3 indicates a first inversion, with the 3 often omitted. 6-4 indicates a second inversion.

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前一篇：音乐基本用语-- 和弦结构 I/Chord Structures I

后一篇：音乐基本用语-- 和弦结构II及分析/Chord Structures II and Analysis

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