两百年前，越南番王呈大清总督转皇帝函札（全文22800字）

——安南阮氏遗牍（白话文+文言文4973字+英文15038字+文末助读2789字=22800字）

**文末附录：“安南阮氏遗牍”助读（2789字）

老屋张忠

编者按：这份安南（越南）番王递交给满清要员转呈皇帝的手札，写于公元1790年，直到七十年后的1860年，不知何故流落到北京旧书市场，被一位爱好收藏的蒋姓官员识得......又经百多年风雨，它的原文出现在历史文献当中，被笔者无意中看到，觉得有趣又有文献价值，就将它原文引述出来，供收藏爱好者和对越南历史感兴趣的朋友雅赏。

手札背景知识：

关于fan的三种说法：番王：古代外国朝贡称臣的“一把手”。蕃王：古代国内封建割据势力的“一把手”。藩王：古代皇帝册封王公近臣（包括荣誉职衔）辖区领地的“一把手”。

安南：即越南古称。历史上越南长期是中国的藩属国，在近代受到西方列强的侵略和影响，逐渐沦为法国的殖民地。文中提到安南被法兰西占据，反映了这一历史变迁。

制军：清代对总督的称呼。

中丞：明清时对巡抚的称呼。

蛮夷：古代对周边少数民族或外国的称呼，带有一定的文化优越感和时代局限性。

@得烟楼藏书/老屋张忠；2025.1.13上传

 

引言译文（442字）：

交趾，在古代隶属于中国，《尚书?尧典》中提到 “宅南交”，这是在经文中能见到的关于交趾归属的最古老记载了。

在汉朝、魏朝、六朝以及隋朝、唐朝、五代时期，中原王朝都在那里设置官员、安排守将进行管理。到了宋朝初期，丁氏开始在那里建立国家，称作安南。传了两代，历经十三年，在宋太宗时期灭亡。黎桓在位两代，共三十二年，于宋真宗时期灭亡。李公蕴这一系传了八代，历时一百二十年，在宋理宗时期灭亡。陈日煚(jiang)这一系传了十二代，历经一百七十年，到了明朝建文年间，被黎季犁篡位而灭亡。

明成祖发兵将其攻灭，交趾又重新归属中国，这样的情况持续了三十年。到了明宣宗时期，又被黎利占据，黎氏传承了十代，到了黎譓的时候，被莫登庸驱逐，当时是嘉靖元年。明世宗削去了安南的王爵封号，将其改为安南都统使，传了两代，到明神宗时期，又被黎维潭兼并。黎维潭往下传到他的后代黎维祈，在清朝乾隆时期被阮光平灭掉。阮光平传位给儿子阮光垂，到了嘉庆年间，又被阮福映夺取了政权。之后阮氏向大清皇帝称臣入贡，请改号为越南。

 

 

收藏遗牍译文（122字）：

扬州人蒋超伯（“观察”是道台的雅称，蒋超伯曾经担任“江西道监察御史”官职，故名），在咸丰十年（1860年）的时候，于京城的琉璃厂集市上购买旧书，在这些旧书当中夹着两张公文，那两张公文的末尾都盖着安南国王的印玺，红色的印泥色泽鲜明。

 

 

正文译文：（1943字）

安南国王阮光平，恭敬地致信给天朝御前大臣、经筵讲官、太子太保、内大臣、议政大臣、协办大学士、吏部尚书兼兵部尚书兼都察院右都御史、总督广东广西军务兼理粮饷盐课、一等嘉勇公（指福康安）：

 

最近接到您下发的公文，内阁恭敬地传达了皇上的谕旨，命令原黎氏君主黎维祈带领他属下的所有人户全部前往京城，归入汉军旗籍之下编为一个佐领。另外，黎维祈走投无路前来投靠，也一并被要求送往京城安置，使得我这小小藩国能够占有安南全境，永远没有后患。我想到大皇帝那使灭亡的国家得以复兴、使断绝的世系得以延续的心意，不忍心让黎氏旧主与普通百姓等同，而且也不想让他们在广西一带活动，使得黎氏的旁支后裔以及旧日的臣民借此为由头，散布谣言、蛊惑人心，即便只剩点点余光、微弱星火，也未彻底熄灭，所以特意命令他们全部前往京城，归入旗籍接受官职，这实在是防微杜渐之举呀。大皇帝对黎氏的这种仁爱做法，其实是对我这小小藩国的厚待，圣上的恩泽体恤我这新归附的邦国，实在是没有一处照顾不到的，我心中的欢喜、感激之情，哪里是能够限量的呢。

 

而我的亲侄阮光显，陪臣阮有啁、武浑瑨等人回国时，恭敬地接受了皇上颁赐的诰命、敕印，以及彩帛、珍贵物品，都一一领受带回，又接到皇上御赐的亲笔书写的诗章，恩宠荣耀如此之多，实在是超过了平常的规格。从本国丁、李、陈、黎等朝代期盼获得这样恩宠的艰难，到如今我这般轻易地蒙受恩泽，我怎敢自称是恭敬顺从到了极致，超过了前人呢，实在是承蒙大皇帝无比仁厚、洪大慈悲，将这偏远之地，全部纳入您的庇护之下。享受着祥和、沐浴着恩泽，我都不知道该用什么来报答，即便拿出本国所有的物产进献到朝廷，又哪里足以回应、宣扬圣上这美好的命令呢？况且这沿海山岭间的每一寸土地、每一个百姓，都是天朝赐予的，微薄的礼物，哪里敢拿来亵渎圣听呢，只是我恭敬事奉皇上的诚意，实在是难以抑制。现有一道谢恩的表文，我恭敬地派遣陪臣黎伯譡、吴为贵等人随表文前往京城，并且携带贡品进献，殷切期望大人您收下表文并代为转奏。

 

今年八月有向皇上祝寿的大礼，我已小心地准备好行装，提前前往边关，伏地跪拜，我这恳切的心意，让我都坐卧不安了，我请求在今年四月上旬赶赴京城，等候大人您带我一同进京朝见皇上。我私下想到自己本是出身平民，依靠天朝的恩宠护佑才得以拥有国家，地处偏远又鄙陋，对于礼仪制度有很多不熟悉的地方。而且自我等在深山之中建立基业以来，君主与臣子们相聚一处，之前如有出行打算，有的还能拉着马缰绳跟随，如今这万里路途，大家都愿意跟随我一同前往。并且这次去朝拜，瞻仰皇宫的台阶，向皇上献上万寿之祝，能够受到身为臣子的我前所未闻的特殊恩宠，见识生平都没见过的宏大场面，大家欢欣鼓舞、恭敬趋行，这是众人共同的心情，实在难以严厉拒绝他们跟随。如果向朝廷呈请多带些官员差役，又担心不符合朝廷的体制，将来出发的时候应当可以带多少官员、多少部下呢，从陆路出发的话，需要多少人马；要是从水路走，又该如何安排物资储备等事宜。还有穿戴的冠服衣裳要用什么品级颜色，都恳切期望您能尽早赐下指示，这样我也好提前准备好入朝觐见的事宜，以符合礼仪规范。

 

而且对于天朝的那些需要避讳、禁止的条规，我这附属的邦国刚刚归服，还没能一一详细知晓，我私下希望大人您能屈尊给予教导说明，这样我才不至于糊里糊涂、贸然行事，以致犯下大错。另外，本国从李、陈、黎氏这些朝代以来都把都城设在升隆城，以往天朝传达恩命等事务，都是到那里，近来那个地方的地气好像渐渐衰竭了。如今本国富春以南，疆界比起前代稍微宽广了些，设立都城建立国家，只有乂安处在中心位置，已经在那个地方的凤凰山前设立为本国的中都了。这件事已经告知陈达、左江汤道的官员知晓了，往后一切公文往来，比起送到升隆城的时间要多出一倍，还望您体谅关照，以免我犯下延误的过错。

 

我的儿子阮光垂正在学习礼仪，像那玉树生长在庭院般的美誉（指美好仪态），还不敢说已经具备，承蒙恩赐吉祥如意的锦缎等诸多珍宝，我们父子一家人都沐浴在圣上的恩泽之中，拜领赏赐的荣耀，实在是深深感激、感恩。至于我家的将领吴文楚先后前往效力，那本是他职责分内之事，也承蒙赏赐彩帛等物，这真是爱屋及乌呀，感激之情又该如何表达呢。

 

又接到您的指示，说本国刚刚建立，事事都在草创阶段，一切服饰用品如有缺少需要置办的地方，列个清单呈上，将会为我采买送来。我私下想到衣服是用来装饰自身的，中原地区服饰色彩、纹章十分华美，我心中很是向往羡慕，所有龙纹、蟒纹袍服的样式，恭敬地另用折子开列出来，希望下发到织坊照着样式织造，完工之后，发付下来让我领取，作为我这小邦入朝觐见时穿着的礼服。陈述这些请求实在是冒昧了，万望您体谅原谅。面对着信纸朝着您所在的方向，翘首以盼、心意恳切，恭敬呈上，乾隆五十五年正月十日（公元 1790 年 2 月 24 日（庚戌狗年正月初十）。）。

 

*后记译文：这是写给两广制军福文襄的信函。还有一张纸是写给粤西中丞的文书，两篇文章都委婉曲折，也可以想见蛮夷之人的长处，文笔优美。董司农恂为其题写了 “安南阮氏遗牍” 六个大字。观察（官职名）自己题写了两首绝句，写道：“黎氏凋零阮氏雄，禾刀木落后先同。可怜十道将军印，都付先游一令公。”“斗大华闾古法乡，蜗蜒犬跡总荒唐。请看二阮须臾事，又是南柯梦一场。” 如今安南已经被法兰西占据，那里的国王仅拥有虚位，将来不知道会如何变化啊。

 

@得烟楼藏书/老屋张忠；2025.1.13上传

Two hundred years ago, the feudal lord of Vietnam submitted a letter to the emperor of the Qing Dynasty through the governor.
——The Surviving Letters of the Nguyen Family in Annam (4,973 characters in vernacular Chinese and classical Chinese)
Zhang Zhong of the Old House
Editor's Note: This handwritten letter submitted by the feudal lord of Annam (Vietnam) to important officials of the Manchu Qing Dynasty for further submission to the emperor was written in 1790 AD. For some unknown reason, it ended up in the old book market in Beijing seventy years later in 1860 and was recognized by an official surnamed Jiang who was fond of collecting... After more than a hundred years of vicissitudes, its original text appeared in historical documents and was accidentally noticed by the author. Finding it interesting and of documentary value, the author quoted the original text here for the appreciation of collectors and friends interested in the history of Vietnam.

 

Background Knowledge of the Handwritten Letter:
Three interpretations of "fan": Feudal lord: The "top leader" of ancient foreign countries that paid tribute and acknowledged vassalage to China. Separatist lord: The "top leader" of domestic feudal separatist forces in ancient times. Vassal prince: The "top leader" of the territory under the jurisdiction of princes and close ministers (including honorary titles) conferred by the ancient emperor.
Annam: It was the ancient name of Vietnam. Historically, Vietnam had long been a vassal state of China. In modern times, under the aggression and influence of Western powers, it gradually became a colony of France. The mention in the text that Annam was occupied by France reflects this historical change.
Governor-general: It was the title for the governor in the Qing Dynasty.
Vice-governor: It was the title for the provincial governor in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Barbarians: It was the term used in ancient times to refer to surrounding ethnic minorities or foreign countries, carrying a certain sense of cultural superiority and limitations of the times.
@The Book Collection of Deyan Tower / Zhang Zhong of the Old House; Uploaded on January 13, 2025

 

引言译文

 

Jiaozhi was subordinate to China in ancient times. The phrase "residing in the southern Jiaozhi" was mentioned in "The Canon of Yao" in "The Book of History", which is the oldest record about the affiliation of Jiaozhi that can be found in the classics.
During the Han Dynasty, Wei Dynasty, the Six Dynasties, as well as the Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, and the Five Dynasties period, the central dynasties of the Central Plains all set up officials and stationed generals there for management. In the early Song Dynasty, the Ding family began to establish a country there, named Annam. It passed through two generations and lasted for thirteen years before perishing during the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty. The Li family of Li Huan had two generations and lasted for thirty-two years, and perished during the reign of Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty. The line of Li Gongyun passed through eight generations and lasted for one hundred and twenty years, and perished during the reign of Emperor Lizong of the Song Dynasty. The line of Chen Rijiang passed through twelve generations and lasted for one hundred and seventy years. During the Jianwen period of the Ming Dynasty, it was usurped by Li Jili and perished.
Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty dispatched troops to conquer it, and Jiaozhi returned to China again. This situation lasted for thirty years. By the time of Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty, it was occupied by Li Li again. The Li family passed through ten generations until Li Hui was expelled by Mo Dengyong in the first year of the Jiaqing period of the Ming Dynasty. Emperor Shizong of the Ming Dynasty revoked the title of king of Annam and changed it to the Chief Military Commissioner of Annam. It passed through two generations and was annexed by Li Weitan during the reign of Emperor Shenzong of the Ming Dynasty. Li Weitan passed it down to his descendant Li Weiqi, who was wiped out by Ruan Guangping during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. Ruan Guangping passed the throne to his son Ruan Guangchui. By the Jiaqing period, the regime was seized by Ruan Fuying. After that, the Ruan family paid tribute to the emperor of the Qing Dynasty and requested to change its name to Vietnam.

收藏遗牍译文

 

Jiang Chaobo was from Yangzhou ("Observer" is an elegant title for the circuit intendant. Jiang Chaobo once held the position of "Supervising Censor of the Jiangxi Circuit", so he was named as such). In the tenth year of the Xianfeng period (1860), he was purchasing old books at the Liulichang market in the capital city. Among these old books were two official documents with the seals of the king of Annam at the end. The red inkpad was bright in color.

正文译文

 

The King of Annam, Ruan Guangping, respectfully writes this letter to the imperial court minister before the throne of the Heavenly Dynasty, the lecturer of the Classics Lectures, the Grand Guardian of the Crown Prince, the Inner Minister, the Minister of State Affairs, the Assistant Grand Secretary, the Minister of the Ministry of Personnel, also the Minister of the Ministry of War and the Right Censor-in-Chief of the Censorate, the Governor in charge of military affairs in Guangdong and Guangxi as well as the management of grain, salaries, and salt taxes, and the First-class Duke of Jiayong (referring to Fukang'an):

 

Recently, I received the official document issued by you. The Cabinet respectfully conveyed the imperial edict of His Majesty, ordering the former ruler of the Li family, Li Weiqi, to lead all the households under his jurisdiction to go to the capital city and be incorporated into the Han military banner system and organized into a zuoling (a military unit). In addition, since Li Weiqi had nowhere to turn and came to seek refuge, he was also required to be sent to the capital city for resettlement, so that my small vassal state could possess the entire territory of Annam and would never have any future troubles. I thought of the intention of the Great Emperor to revive the perished states and continue the broken lineages. I couldn't bear to treat the former ruler of the Li family the same as ordinary people. Moreover, I didn't want them to move around in the Guangxi area, lest the collateral descendants of the Li family and their former subjects take this as an excuse to spread rumors and deceive people. Even if there was only a glimmer of light or a faint spark left, it hadn't been completely extinguished. Therefore, I specially ordered them all to go to the capital city, be incorporated into the banner system, and receive official positions. This is truly a measure to nip problems in the bud. The benevolent treatment of the Li family by the Great Emperor is actually a great kindness to my small vassal state. The grace and solicitude of His Majesty have taken care of every aspect of my newly attached state. How can my joy and gratitude be limited?

 

When my nephew Ruan Guangxian, attendant ministers Ruan Youzhou, Wu Hunjin and others returned to our country, they respectfully received the imperial edicts, imperial seals, as well as colored silk and precious items bestowed by His Majesty and brought them back one by one. They also received the poem personally written by His Majesty. There were so many favors and honors, which indeed exceeded the usual standards. Considering the difficulty for the previous dynasties such as the Ding, Li, Chen, and Li families in our country to obtain such favors, and now I have easily received such grace, how dare I claim that I am extremely respectful and obedient and surpass those predecessors? It is truly because of the extremely kind and magnanimous heart of the Great Emperor that he has included this remote place under his protection. Enjoying the peace and bathed in the grace, I don't even know what to use to repay it. Even if I present all the products of our country to the court, how can it be enough to respond to and publicize the wonderful imperial orders? Moreover, every inch of land and every citizen in the coastal mountains and hills were bestowed by the Heavenly Dynasty. How dare I use these meager gifts to desecrate the imperial ears? It's just that my sincere intention to serve His Majesty respectfully is really hard to suppress. Now I have a memorial expressing my gratitude. I respectfully dispatch attendant ministers Li Bodang, Wu Weigui and others to accompany the memorial to the capital city and also carry tribute items for presentation. I earnestly hope that you, my lord, will accept the memorial and submit it on my behalf.

 

There will be a grand ceremony to celebrate the birthday of His Majesty in August this year. I have carefully prepared my luggage and will go to the border pass in advance, prostrate myself on the ground. My earnest intention makes me restless. I request to rush to the capital city in the first ten days of April this year and wait for you, my lord, to take me to enter the capital city to pay my respects to His Majesty. I privately think that I was originally from a commoner background and only had a country thanks to the grace and protection of the Heavenly Dynasty. My place is remote and humble, and there are many aspects of the etiquette and system that I am not familiar with. Moreover, since we established our foundation in the deep mountains, the monarch and his ministers have been staying together. In the past, when there were travel plans, some could still hold the reins of horses and follow. Now, for this journey of thousands of miles, everyone is willing to follow me to go together. And this time when going to pay homage, looking up at the steps of the imperial palace and presenting the birthday wishes to His Majesty, being able to receive special favors that I as a minister have never heard of before and witness the magnificent scenes that I have never seen in my life, everyone is overjoyed and respectfully hurrying along. This is the common sentiment of all of us, and it is really hard to strictly refuse them to follow. If I apply to the court to bring more officials and servants, I'm worried that it may not conform to the court's system. When setting off in the future, how many officials and subordinates should I be allowed to bring? If we set off by land, how many people and horses are needed? If we go by water, how should we arrange the storage of supplies and other matters? Also, what grades and colors should the official hats, clothes, and robes be? I earnestly hope that you can give instructions as soon as possible so that I can prepare in advance for the matters of entering the court for an audience and conform to the etiquette norms.

 

Moreover, regarding the regulations on taboos and prohibitions in the Heavenly Dynasty, my vassal state has just submitted to it and hasn't been able to know them in detail one by one. I privately hope that you, my lord, can condescend to give instructions and explanations so that I won't act blindly and rashly and make big mistakes. In addition, since the dynasties of the Li, Chen, and Li families in our country, the capital city has been set up in Thang Long City. In the past, when the Heavenly Dynasty conveyed imperial orders and other affairs, they were all sent there. Recently, it seems that the geomantic omen of that place is gradually declining. Now, south of Phu Xuan in our country, the territory is a bit wider than that of previous generations. To establish the capital city and build the country, only Nghia An is in the central position. We have already established it as the central capital of our country in front of Phoenix Mountain in that place. I have already informed the officials of Chen Da and the Tangdao of the Left River about this matter. In the future, all official document exchanges will take twice as long as those sent to Thang Long City. I hope you can understand and take care of this to avoid my making mistakes of delay.

 

My son Ruan Guangchui is currently learning etiquette. The good reputation like a jade tree growing in the courtyard (referring to good manners) can't be said to have been fully achieved yet. Thanks to the bestowal of auspicious brocade and many other treasures, our father and son's family are all bathed in the grace of His Majesty. We are deeply grateful for the honor of receiving the rewards. As for our general Wu Wenchu who has gone to serve successively, that was originally within his duty. He was also bestowed with colored silk and other items. This is truly loving the house because of the person living in it. How can I express my gratitude?

 

I also received your instruction that since our country has just been established and everything is in the initial stage of creation, if there is any shortage of clothing and daily necessities that need to be purchased, list them and submit them, and they will be bought and sent to me. I privately think that clothes are used to adorn oneself. The colors and patterns of the clothing in the Central Plains are extremely gorgeous, and I admire them very much in my heart. I have respectfully listed the styles of all the dragon-patterned and python-patterned robes in a separate memorial, hoping that they can be sent to the weaving workshop to be woven according to the styles. After completion, they can be sent down for me to receive and be used as the formal clothes for our small state to wear when entering the court for an audience. It is really presumptuous to state these requests. I sincerely hope that you can understand and forgive me. Facing the letter paper and looking in the direction where you are, I am eagerly looking forward with sincere intentions and respectfully submit this letter. January 10th, the 55th year of the Qianlong period (February 24th, 1790 (the 10th day of the first month of the Gengxu Year, the Year of the Dog)).

后记译文

 

This is a letter written to Fukang'an, the Governor-general of Guangdong and Guangxi. There is also another piece of paper which is a document written to the Vice-governor of Western Guangdong. Both articles are euphemistic and circuitous. One can also imagine the merits of the barbarians. The writing is elegant. Dong Sinong Xun inscribed six big characters "The Surviving Letters of the Nguyen Family in Annam". The official named "Observer" inscribed two quatrains himself, which read: "The Li family declined while the Ruan family rose. The fall of one and the rise of the other are the same in the end. Pitifully, the ten general seals were all given to the Duke who traveled first." "The grand Hu Lu in ancient times was a place full of absurd things like the traces of snails and dogs. Look at the affairs of the two Ruans which were just a short-lived dream like the dream in the story of Nankeo." Now Annam has been occupied by France, and the king there only holds a nominal position. No one knows how it will change in the future.

 

 

引言原文（259字）

交趾，古属中国，尧典宅南交，此见于经文之最古者。汉、魏、六朝及隋、唐、五代均设官置守，至宋初，丁氏始建国称安南。二世十三年，亡于太宗时。黎桓二世三十二年，亡于真宗时。李公蕴八世一百二十年，亡于理宗时。陈日煚十二世一百七十年，至明建文时为黎季犁所篡而亡。明成祖发兵灭之，交趾仍归中国者三十年。宣宗时复为黎利所据，传十世至

黎譓，为莫登庸所逐，时嘉靖元年也。世宗削其王封，改为安南都统使，传二世至神宗时又为黎维潭所倂。维潭传至裔孙维祈，于清乾降时为阮光平所灭。光平传子光垂，至嘉庆年间又为阮福映所夺，称臣入贡，请改号为越南。

收藏遗牍原文：

江都蒋观察超伯，咸丰十年于京师琉璃厂市购旧书，中夹公移二纸，其末皆钤安南国王之印，硃色烂然。

正文原文（1179字）：

其文曰：“安南国王阮光平，肃禀天朝御前大臣、经筵讲官、太子太保、内大臣、议政大臣、协办大学士、吏部尚书兼兵部尚书兼都察院右都御史、总督广东广西军务兼理粮饷盐课、一

等嘉勇公台前曦瞩：

茲者接奉宪札，内阁钦奉上谕，令故黎君维祈率同伊属下人户全行来京，归入汉军旗下编一佐领。又黎维祈穷蹙内投，亦着一併送京安置，俾小番抚有安南全境，永无后患。仰维大皇帝兴灭继绝之意，不忍黎氏故主齿于齐民，且不欲其翱翔粤西，使黎氏支庶及旧日臣民藉此

为名，讹言煽惑，余光嚼火，未绝星星，故特令全行进京，归旗受职，盖其防微杜渐。所以仁于黎氏者，乃所以厚于小番，圣恩体恤新邦，实属无微不至，其为欢忻感激，何可限量。而亲侄阮光显，陪臣阮有啁、武浑瑨等回国，钦奉颁赐诰命敕印，并采币珍品，祇领带回，再奉御赐亲书诗章，稠叠宠荣，实踰常格，盖自本国丁、李、陈、黎觊幸之难。而今日蒙霑之易，岂敢自谓恭顺之至，有加于前人，实蒙大皇帝至仁洪慈，将遐远偏方，悉归覆载。飱和沐泽，报答何阶，虽罄土地所有以旅阙庭，曷足以对扬休命？况海岭之尺土寸民，皆天朝之赐，不腆篚包，堪讵尘渎，惟是恪恭奉上之诚，不能自己。奉有谢恩表文一道，谨遣陪臣黎伯譡、吴为贵等随表进京，并赍递贡品上进，耑望尊大人收表转奏。今年八月祝釐大礼，小番谨已点检行装，先期诣关，匍匐稽拜，区区之衷，不遑启居，请以今年四月上浣赴阙，候尊大人带随进京展觐。窃思小番生于布衣，赖天朝宠灵以克有国，鄙陋荒远，礼制多所未娴。且小番深山缔构以来，主臣相聚，有意跋涉，或执羁靮以从，今万里程途，个个愿带随偕往。且此次瞻觐丹墀，献万万岁寿，受臣子旷闻之异渥，都生平未见之大观，鼓舞趋跄，乃众情之同然者，难为峻却。如呈请多带员役，又恐于体制未合，将来行时当得带随几许员弁，多少部曲，从陆道起，若干人马；或从水道，作何储顿。又冠带衣服用何品色，统祈早赐开示，庶得预先备办入觐，以合礼仪。且天朝违避条禁，下邦始奉内属，未得一一详知，窃愿俯赐教明，庶不致冥行径造，以重取戾。又本国自李、陈、黎氏都于升隆城，天朝恩命，于此贲临，迩来地气衰歇。今本国富春以南，疆界较前代稍广，设都建国，惟又安为土中，已于其地之凤凰山前置为本国中都。业经陈达、左江汤道官知照，向后一切公文往复，比升隆城日期又多一倍，仰维体照，幸免稽延之咎。家儿光垂方当学礼，玉树生庭之誉，未敢披襟，蒙贶吉祥如意锦缎多珍，一家父子均沐恩波，拜领之荣，实深感佩。至如家将吴文楚先后趋赴，乃其职分内事，并蒙采币之赐，爱屋及乌，顶戴又何如也。再奉钧谕，本国初立，事事草创，一切服用有缺欠须备用之处，列折呈达，当为采买送来。窃惟衣服所以华躬，中州服色彩章之美，深所景慕，所有龙蚊袍样，谨奉别折开列，希下织坊照样织造，工竣之后，发付奉领，为小邦朝谦之服。陈请为渎，万望鉴原。临纸向辕，翘瞻肫切，肃禀，乾隆五十五年正月十日。

*后记原文：此上两广制军福文襄函也。又一纸是致粤西中丞之牍，两文皆婉委曲折，亦可想见蛮夷之长，书记翩翩矣。董司农恂为题“安南阮氏遗牍”六大字。观察自题二绝句云：“黎氏凋零阮氏雄，禾刀木落后先同。可怜十道将军印，都付先游一令公。”“斗大华闾古法乡，蜗蜒犬跡总荒唐。请看二阮须臾事，又是南柯梦一场。”今安南已为法兰西所据，其王仅拥虚位，将来不知若何更变矣。

 

@得烟楼藏书/老屋张忠；2025.1.13上传

 

**附录：安南阮氏遗牍助读（2789字）

以下是一些有助于理解安南阮氏遗牍内容的历史背景信息：

中越历史关系

 

古代越南长期受中国统治或影响：交趾在古代隶属于中国，自汉朝至唐朝、五代时期，中原王朝都在该地设置官员、安排守将进行管理。宋朝初期，丁氏在交趾建立安南，后历经黎桓、李公蕴、陈日煚等朝代，但与中国仍保持着复杂的宗番（藩）关系或政治经济文化上的密切联系。

明朝对安南的短暂直辖：明成祖时期发兵攻灭安南，使其重新归属中国，持续了三十年。但到明宣宗时期，安南又被黎利占据并独立。

阮氏王朝的建立与发展

 

阮光平的崛起：阮光平在安南历史上是一位重要人物，他在复杂的政治局势中逐渐掌握了政权。在乾隆时期，阮光平取代了黎维祈，成为安南的实际统治者，并向清朝称臣入贡，请求改号为越南。

与清朝的宗番（藩）关系：清朝时期，安南作为番（藩）属国，与清朝保持着密切的往来。阮光平对清朝称臣，接受清朝的册封和赏赐，同时向清朝朝贡。这种宗番（藩）关系在政治、经济和文化等方面都有体现，例如在礼仪制度、服饰规范等方面，安南会借鉴和遵循清朝的规定。

当时的国际局势

 

西方列强的影响：18 世纪末至 19 世纪初，西方列强开始在亚洲地区扩张势力，虽然在阮氏遗牍中未直接提及，但当时的国际大环境对越南的政治、经济和社会发展产生了潜在的影响，为后来法国对越南的侵略埋下了伏笔。

周边国家的局势：越南周边的国家和地区也处于不断的变化和发展之中，与越南有着政治、经济、文化等方面的交流和互动，对越南的发展和对外关系产生了一定的影响。

越南国内的政治与社会

 

朝代更迭频繁：在阮光平之前，越南经历了丁氏、黎氏、陈氏等多个朝代的更迭，各朝代之间的政治制度、文化传统和社会结构都有所不同，但都在一定程度上受到中国文化和政治制度的影响。

民族与文化融合：越南是一个多民族国家，在长期的历史发展过程中，不同民族之间相互融合、交流，形成了独特的越南文化。同时，越南在吸收中国文化的基础上，逐渐发展出自己的文字、文学、艺术等方面的特色。

 

**中越宗藩关系的具体事例

册封制度

事例：清朝时期，越南阮氏王朝向清朝称臣，清朝皇帝会对越南国王进行册封。像阮光平被清朝册封为安南国王，这一册封行为确认了阮氏在越南统治的合法性。对于越南国王来说，清朝的册封是一种重要的政治认可，代表其统治地位得到了宗主国的承认。册封仪式通常包括清朝派遣使者到越南宣读册封诏书，授予印玺等象征权力的物品。这些印玺和诏书在越南国内被视为重要的权力象征，有助于越南国王巩固其在国内的统治地位。

朝贡贸易

事例：越南定期向清朝朝贡。朝贡的物品包括当地的特产，如香料、珍稀木材、海产品等。以安南阮氏为例，他们会精心准备贡物送往清朝宫廷。朝贡的周期一般是数年一次，例如三年一贡或者五年一贡。在朝贡过程中，越南使者不仅献上贡物，还会参与清朝宫廷的礼仪活动，如参加皇帝的生日庆典等。而清朝作为宗主国，会对越南朝贡使者给予丰厚的赏赐，赏赐物品包括丝绸、瓷器、书籍等中国特产。这种朝贡贸易在经济上加强了双方的联系，同时也体现了越南对清朝的从属地位。

礼仪文化交流

事例：越南在礼仪制度方面向清朝学习和借鉴。在阮氏遗牍中可以看到，阮光平对清朝的礼仪制度非常重视，如在准备朝见清朝皇帝时，询问穿戴的冠服衣裳的品级颜色，以及入朝觐见的礼仪规范等细节。这表明越南希望在礼仪上符合清朝的要求，以显示对宗主国的尊重。而且，越南国内的一些重要仪式也会受到清朝礼仪文化的影响。例如，在越南宫廷的重大庆典或祭祀活动中，其仪式流程、礼仪人员的服饰和站位等方面都可能模仿清朝宫廷礼仪。

军事协助与从属关系体现

事例：在一些情况下，越南可能需要向清朝表示军事上的从属。如果边境地区出现叛乱或者外部势力威胁到清朝和越南的共同利益时，越南可能会应清朝要求提供一定的军事协助。例如，在打击海盗或者边境地区的反清势力时，越南军队可能会配合清朝军队行动。同时，越南在军事事务上也需要向清朝报备一些重要情况，如军队调动、军事设施建设等，以显示其对清朝宗主国地位的尊重。

文化传播与教育方面

事例：清朝的文化和教育模式对越南产生了深远影响。中国的儒家经典、历史书籍等在越南广泛传播。越南会派遣留学生到清朝学习，这些留学生回国后，将清朝的文化、教育理念和学术成果带回越南。例如，越南的学校教育体系可能会仿照清朝，以儒家经典为主要教学内容，培养人才。而且，在越南的文化机构中，如书院等，也会收藏大量的中国书籍，供学者研究和学习。

 

**中越宗藩关系在历史上是如何结束的？

中越宗藩关系的结束主要是法国殖民扩张的结果，具体过程如下：

早期法国的介入与宗藩体制的动摇

 

《法越同盟条约》的签订：1787 年，安南阮嘉隆王为获得法国的支持以复国，与路易十六缔结了不平等的《法越同盟条约》。该条约虽因法国大革命爆发而未批准生效，但却成了法国在越南侵略扩张、中越宗番（藩）体制解体的导火索。

法国对越南的逐步侵略：进入近代以后，法国、西班牙联军于 1858 年、1862 年两次入侵越南，迫使越南签订《西贡条约》，法国取得了对越南的保护权，中越宗番（藩）体制受到极大削弱。1867 年，法国进一步侵占了湄公河三角洲的永隆、嘉定、安江、和仙、边和、定祥等南圻六省，建立了法兰西交趾。

关键条约的签订与宗藩关系的破坏

 

第二次《西贡条约》的签订：1874 年，法国又迫使越南签订了第二次《西贡条约》，规定越南完全置于法国保护之下，法国承认越南为独立国，中越宗番（藩）体制遭到毁灭性破坏。条约签订后，中国政府郑重申明：越南 “自古为中国属邦，故中国政府不能公认此条约”。

《顺化条约》的签订：1883 年 8 月，法军攻占顺化，越南被迫缔结《顺化条约》。条约规定 “越南政府自承认为法兰西之保护国，中国不得干预越南政事”，公开否认了中越宗番（藩）关系，将越南完全置于法国保护之下。

中法战争与宗番（藩）藩体制的崩溃

 

战争爆发与初期局势：1883 年 12 月，法军大举进犯清军驻地山西市，中法战争正式爆发。山西、太原、北宁、兴化连连失守，越南顺化朝廷投降法国，清军极为不利。

《天津简明条款》的签订与争议：1884 年 5 月 11 日，李鸿章与法国福诺禄签订了《天津简明条款》，规定中国从越南撤兵，承认越南与法国签订的不平等条约；法国承诺不侵犯中国，与越南议改条约内不插入伤碍中国威望的体面字样，即隐晦地承认中国对越南拥有名义上的宗主权。但该条约受到清朝朝野的普遍反对，法国议会也以条约有默认中国保留宗主权的意味，不予批准。中法之间重启战端。

战争结果与宗番（藩）体制的终结：由于清政府的软弱、腐败，尽管中国军队取得了镇南关大捷，重创了法军，取得了战争的主动权，但最后，清政府还是与法国签订了不平等的《中法会订越南条约》（《中法新约》），彻底输掉了这场战争。至此，中越宗番（藩）体制完全崩溃，中国丧失了对越南的封建宗主权。