加载中…转载——美国30位科学家关于控制垃圾填埋场甲烷的公开信
(2023-05-07 16:57:47)
标签：
杂谈甲烷美国填埋场 |
下面是美国30位科学家致总统气候特使约翰·克里和国家气候顾问吉娜·麦卡锡公开信，呼吁不再填埋可生物降解有机垃圾，控制垃圾填埋场甲烷排放。（来源：https://www.wtert.net/news/534/Letter-from-35-Scientists-to-US-Climate-Leaders.html）
2021年10月29日
总统气候特使约翰·克里和
国家气候顾问吉娜·麦卡锡，
随着拜登总统和欧盟宣布一项全球甲烷承诺，旨在到2030年将全球甲烷污染至少减少30%，我们强烈呼吁政策制定者通过减少垃圾填埋场可生物降解垃圾来解决填埋场甲烷排放问题。作为补充措施，堆填场也必须有更严格的管理并接受全面的监管。
根据目前的温室气体排放清单，垃圾填埋场是全球和美国第三大人为甲烷来源。然而，新数据表明，减少垃圾填埋的填埋气体排放量有更大机会。最近的一系列研究如通过飞机在垃圾填埋场下风处直接测量甲烷浓度，结果表明，测量的平均排放量是当前温室气体排放清单中报告的排放量的两倍多。如果根据这一增加的数据计算，垃圾填埋场的甲烷排放量与整个农业领域的甲烷排放相当。
解决甲烷问题对应对气候变化至关重要。20年时间周期，甲烷的温室效应是二氧化碳的80多倍，是影响气候变化的第二大温室气体。根据联合国环境规划署（UNEP）的数据，“减少甲烷是我们在未来25年减缓气候变化的最有力手段”。在短期内，减少甲烷等短寿命周期的温室气体排放比减少二氧化碳排放更有效。最新发布的IPCC第六次评估报告指出，减少甲烷排放有利于降低地表臭氧水平并带来空气质量改善。
在固废领域，首要的是减少可生物降解有机垃圾填埋量。不在填埋可生物降解有机垃圾是唯一可以100%避免填埋甲烷排放的方式。如今，建设垃圾处理基础设施将迅速从源头减少甲烷排放。相反，拖延行动只会增加我们未来的甲烷排放，今天的垃圾不可避免地会变成明天的排放，今天不再填埋可生物降解有机垃圾就可打破了这个链条。
如今，不再填埋可生物降解有机垃圾的技术已在商业上已经获得广泛使用。它们目前的使用程度在很大程度上是公共政策的直接结果。虽然每种技术的相对优点都超出了本函的范围，但气候挑战的严重性和规模将需要一套解决方案，每种解决方案都可以以环保的方式开发和应用。
更好地控制垃圾填埋场的甲烷排放也很重要，但尚未证明是有效的。加利福尼亚州实施了迄今为止最严格的垃圾填埋气体控制法规，然而，一个由美国国家航空航天局和大学研究人员组成的团队发现，某些填埋场即使完全符合该州的严格规定，仍属于甲烷的“超级排放者”。
严格监管监测主要针对旧垃圾填埋场才有意义。
现在是采取行动的时候了。每年我们都会推迟“不再填埋可生物降解有机垃圾”方面关注，这给子孙后代增加了越来越多的甲烷排放负担。
签署：
Signed,
John Atkinson
Chair, Engineering Sustainability, Associate
Professor, Environmental Engineering
State University of New York - University at Buffalo
Athanasios Bourtsalas
Lecturer, Energy and Materials, Earth and
Environmental Engineering
Columbia University
Sally Brown
Research Professor
University of Washington
Tristan Brown
Associate Professor, Sustainable Resources
Management
State University of New York, College of
Environmental Science & Forestry
Rainer Bunge
Professor
ETH Zürich
Marco Castaldi
Professor, Chemical Engineering
City College of New York
Kartik Chandran
Professor, Earth & Environmental Engineering
Columbia University
Chris Cheeseman
Professor, Materials Resources Engineering
Imperial College London
Marian Chertow
Associate Professor, Industrial Environmental
Management
Yale University
Steven Cohen
Professor, Public Affairs
School of International and Public Affairs
Columbia University
Greeshma Gadikota
Assistant Professor, Civil & Environmental
Engineering
Cornell University
Nishant Garg
Assistant Professor, Civil & Environmental
Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Thomas Graedel
Clifton R. Musser Professor Emeritus of Industrial
Ecology
Yale University
Mario Grosso
Associate Professor, D.I.C.A. - Environmental
Section
Politecnico di Milano
Qunxing Huang
Professor, Vice Dean, College of Energy
Engineering
Zhejiang University
Zoltán Illés
Associate Professor, Department of Environmental
Sciences and Policy
Central European University
Uta Krogmann
Professor, Environmental Engineering
Rutgers
Rakesh Kumar
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research
New Delhi
Johannes Lehmann
Professor, Soil & Crop Sciences
Cornell University
Yiannis Levendis
Distinguished Professor of Engineering,
Department of Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering
Northeastern University
Haiqing Lin
Professor of Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering
University at Buffalo, The State University of New
York
Hongyan Ma
Associate Professor, Civil, Architectural and
Environmental Engineering
Missouri University of Science & Technology
Jay Meegoda
Professor, Civil & Environmental Engineering
New Jersey Institute of Technology
Ah-Hyung Park
Chair, Earth & Environmental Engineering
Columbia University
Debra Reinhart
Pegasus Professor Emerita
University of Central Florida
Richard Riman
Professor, Materials Science & Engineering
Rutgers
Frank Roethel
Director, Waste Reduction and Management
Institute, School of Marine & Atmospheric Sciences
Stony Brook University
David Shaw
Professor Geography and Planning
University of Liverpool
Nickolas Themelis
Stanley Thompson Professor Emeritus
Columbia University
Thomas Trabold
Professor and Department Head, Golisano Institute
for Sustainability
Rochester Institute of Technology
Seth Tuler
Associate Professor, Department of
Interdisciplinary & Global Studies
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Charles Vörösmarty
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
The City College of New York
Andrew Weaver
Professor, Earth and Ocean Sciences
University of Victoria
Duo Zhang
Assistant Research Scientist, Civil & Environmental
Engineering
University of Michigan
Wencai Zhang
Assistant Professor, Mining & Minerals Engineering
John Atkinson
Chair, Engineering Sustainability, Associate
Professor, Environmental Engineering
State University of New York - University at Buffalo
Athanasios Bourtsalas
Lecturer, Energy and Materials, Earth and
Environmental Engineering
Columbia University
Sally Brown
Research Professor
University of Washington
Tristan Brown
Associate Professor, Sustainable Resources
Management
State University of New York, College of
Environmental Science & Forestry
Rainer Bunge
Professor
ETH Zürich
Marco Castaldi
Professor, Chemical Engineering
City College of New York
Kartik Chandran
Professor, Earth & Environmental Engineering
Columbia University
Chris Cheeseman
Professor, Materials Resources Engineering
Imperial College London
Marian Chertow
Associate Professor, Industrial Environmental
Management
Yale University
Steven Cohen
Professor, Public Affairs
School of International and Public Affairs
Columbia University
Greeshma Gadikota
Assistant Professor, Civil & Environmental
Engineering
Cornell University
Nishant Garg
Assistant Professor, Civil & Environmental
Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Thomas Graedel
Clifton R. Musser Professor Emeritus of Industrial
Ecology
Yale University
Mario Grosso
Associate Professor, D.I.C.A. - Environmental
Section
Politecnico di Milano
Qunxing Huang
Professor, Vice Dean, College of Energy
Engineering
Zhejiang University
Zoltán Illés
Associate Professor, Department of Environmental
Sciences and Policy
Central European University
Uta Krogmann
Professor, Environmental Engineering
Rutgers
Rakesh Kumar
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research
New Delhi
Johannes Lehmann
Professor, Soil & Crop Sciences
Cornell University
Yiannis Levendis
Distinguished Professor of Engineering,
Department of Mechanical and Industrial
Engineering
Northeastern University
Haiqing Lin
Professor of Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering
University at Buffalo, The State University of New
York
Hongyan Ma
Associate Professor, Civil, Architectural and
Environmental Engineering
Missouri University of Science & Technology
Jay Meegoda
Professor, Civil & Environmental Engineering
New Jersey Institute of Technology
Ah-Hyung Park
Chair, Earth & Environmental Engineering
Columbia University
Debra Reinhart
Pegasus Professor Emerita
University of Central Florida
Richard Riman
Professor, Materials Science & Engineering
Rutgers
Frank Roethel
Director, Waste Reduction and Management
Institute, School of Marine & Atmospheric Sciences
Stony Brook University
David Shaw
Professor Geography and Planning
University of Liverpool
Nickolas Themelis
Stanley Thompson Professor Emeritus
Columbia University
Thomas Trabold
Professor and Department Head, Golisano Institute
for Sustainability
Rochester Institute of Technology
Seth Tuler
Associate Professor, Department of
Interdisciplinary & Global Studies
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Charles Vörösmarty
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
The City College of New York
Andrew Weaver
Professor, Earth and Ocean Sciences
University of Victoria
Duo Zhang
Assistant Research Scientist, Civil & Environmental
Engineering
University of Michigan
Wencai Zhang
Assistant Professor, Mining & Minerals Engineering
Virginia Tech
i U.S. EPA (2021) U.S. Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and
Sinks: 1990 – 2019.
https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2019
ii Peischl et al. (2013) Quantifying sources of methane using light alkanes in the Los Angeles basin, California, Journal of Geophysical
Research: Atmospheres, 118: 4974-4990. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50413
iii Jeong, S., et al. (2017), Estimating methane emissions from biological and fossil-fuel sources in the San Francisco Bay Area,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 486–495 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071794
iv Total 2019 U.S. landfill methane emissions, as reported in U.S. EPA (2021) were 4.58 MMT CH4. On average, measured landfill
emissions from recent data referenced herein were 2.3X greater than reported. Adjusting U.S. inventory with this factor yields total
landfill emissions of 10.5 MMT CH4. Total agricultural sector emissions, inclusive of enteric fermentation, manure management, rice
cultivation, and field burning of agricultural residues were 10.26 MMT CH4.
v IPCC, 2021: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud,
Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu
and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. In Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/#FullReport
vi https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/global-assessment-urgent-steps-must-be-taken-reduce-methane
United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) (2021) Global Methane Assessment: Benefits and Costs of Mitigating Methane
Emissions, https://www.unep.org/resources/report/global-methane-assessment-benefits-and-costs-mitigating-methane-emissions
vii Hu et al. (2013) Mitigation of short-lived climate pollutants slows sea-level rise, Nature Climate Change, 3, 730-734.
https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1869
viii IPCC (2021)
ix Duren et al., California’s Methane Super-emitters, Nature, 2019, 575:180-185. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-
1720-3
https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2019
ii Peischl et al. (2013) Quantifying sources of methane using light alkanes in the Los Angeles basin, California, Journal of Geophysical
Research: Atmospheres, 118: 4974-4990. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50413
iii Jeong, S., et al. (2017), Estimating methane emissions from biological and fossil-fuel sources in the San Francisco Bay Area,
Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 486–495 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071794
iv Total 2019 U.S. landfill methane emissions, as reported in U.S. EPA (2021) were 4.58 MMT CH4. On average, measured landfill
emissions from recent data referenced herein were 2.3X greater than reported. Adjusting U.S. inventory with this factor yields total
landfill emissions of 10.5 MMT CH4. Total agricultural sector emissions, inclusive of enteric fermentation, manure management, rice
cultivation, and field burning of agricultural residues were 10.26 MMT CH4.
v IPCC, 2021: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud,
Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu
and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. In Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/#FullReport
vi https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/global-assessment-urgent-steps-must-be-taken-reduce-methane
United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) (2021) Global Methane Assessment: Benefits and Costs of Mitigating Methane
Emissions, https://www.unep.org/resources/report/global-methane-assessment-benefits-and-costs-mitigating-methane-emissions
vii Hu et al. (2013) Mitigation of short-lived climate pollutants slows sea-level rise, Nature Climate Change, 3, 730-734.
https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1869
viii IPCC (2021)
ix Duren et al., California’s Methane Super-emitters, Nature, 2019, 575:180-185. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-
1720-3
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