It的用法总结和练习

2010--3    Meyer

一、总概

一）、人称代词
1，it的最基本用法是作代词，主要指刚提到的事物，以避免重复:

①They watched the train until it disappeared in the distance.
2.，也可以指动物或婴儿(未知性别的婴儿或孩子): 

②Is this your dog？No, it isn’t.

③They got a baby and it was a ten-pounder
3.，也可指抽象事物或指抽象环境和情景:

③I hate it when people talk with a full mouth.．
二）、.非人称代词
1.it有时并不指具体的东西而泛指天气、时间、日期、距离、价值、度量、温度、环境等：
⑴.指天气：It is a lovely day, isn’t  it?
⑵.指时间: It was nearly midnight when she came back.

⑶.指日期:It is April First today.

⑷.指距离:It is some 3000 kilometers from Beijing to Guangzhou.

⑸.指价值:It is three dollars.

⑹.指温度:Today it is 30 degrees centigrade.

三）、其他用法
1.在句子的主语不太明确时充当主语，表示谁在做某事：
   ①Who is it there? It's I (me/you/he.....).
   ②I thought it was Mary, but it was not she.
   ③Her face lighted when she saw who it was.
2.泛泛的指某件事： (有时泛指一般情况)
   ①It doesn’t matter.
   ②It is a shame, isn’t  it?
   ③How is it going?(情况怎样)
   ④It says in the newspaper that......
3.it用在一些词组中，it 没有特别的意思
   The last train's gone. Come on, we'll foot it.(来，咱们步行吧。)
二、句型用法展示

看近几年的高考题,每年都会考查到“it”的用法,如:
1 (2005全国卷Ⅰ) The doctor advised vera strongly that she should take a holiday,but＿ didn’t help.
   A it B she C which D he 【A】
2.﹝04全国卷Ⅰ﹞I like ＿in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.
  A this B that C it D one 【C】
3. （2003全国卷I）I hate＿when people talk with month full of food .
    A it B them C one D this 【A】
可以看出，“it”在高考题中地位是举足轻重担的，“it”的用法总结如下：
㈠it作人称代词和无人称代词的用法。
(1)it作无人称代词：it作无人称代词表示自然现象、气候、时间、距离等。it是形式主语没有词汇意义。如：
1)It is very cold today．(气候)
2)It is three o'clock．(时间)
3)It is along way from here．(距离)
⒈it作人称代词的用法。
⑴it代替前面的单数名词或分句所表示的事物。如：
I was disappointed with the film.I had expected it to be much better.
Tom’s mother kept telling him that he should work harder but it didn’t help.
⑵it在特定的环境中，也可指性别不详，身份不明或婴儿等。
---Who is knocking at the door?
---It ‘s me.
⒉it 作无人称代词的用法。
可以表示天气、时间、距离、金钱、度量衡等情况。如；
It’s about five kilometers from here to the railway station.
It ‘s getting colder and colder every day.
What time is it by your watch?
例：
--When shall we start?
--Let’t＿it 8:30.Is that all right?
A Set  B meet  C make  D take 
㈡it作先行词充当形式主语或形式宾语的用法。
1．it作形式主语的几种句型
① It+be+形容词/名词(difficult/necessary/a rule/a duty)+for/of+sb. to do sth.
② It+ be+形容词/名词(difficult/necessary/a rule/a duty)+that clause
③ It +be +过去分词(said/reported/known)+that clause
④ It+be +形容词/名词(useless/no use/no good)+doing
⑤ It+takes sb. some time +to do sth.
⑥ It+ seems/appears+that clause
⑦ It +seems/appears+as if clause
例1： （2005江苏）--Don’t you think it necessary that ＿to Miami but to New York?
---I agree,but the problem is ＿he has refused to.
A will not be sent; that B not be sent; that
C should not be sent; that C should not send ; what 【B】
2.(2003上海)It ‘s pretty well understood＿controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.
     A that B when C what D how 【C】
⒉ it 作形式宾语的用法。

⑴当宾语是动词不定式、动名词、宾语从句，且其后有宾语补足语时，为了保持句子的平衡，通常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语置于句末。
---I don’t think it possible to master a foreigh language without much memory work.
---She thought it no use telling him about that .
⑵某些及物动词或短语不能加宾语从句，此时须先用it作形式宾语，然后接宾语从句。此种用法常用于动词如：like ,dislike,hate,appreciate,depend on,see to等后。如：
I hate it when people talk with their mouths full.
You may depend on it that they will support you.
I’ll appreciate it if you close the door for me.
I like it in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.
㈢ it 引起的几个易混的时间句型
⒈It’s time for sb. to do.
It’s time that sb. did sth.(should do sth.)
在句子中，谓语动词须用虚拟语气，即用动词的过去式或should+动词原形(should不能省).如： It’s about/high time that we went/should go to bed.
 It’ s time for us to go to bed.
⒉ It/This/That is +the first/second time +that sb. has/have done sth.
 It/This/That was+the first/second time+that sb. had done sth.
如：This is the fourth time that she has rung you today.
 It was the second time that I had visited the Great Wall last year.
⒊ It will be long /hours /days/years+before sb. do/does sth.
 It was long/hours/days/years+before sb.did sth.
 如：It will be two years before we meet again.
It was a long time before I got to sleep again last night.
⒋ It is /has been + years/days/weeks since sb. did sth.
It was years/days/weeks since sb. had done sth.
如： --What was the party like?
   --Wonderful.It’s years since I enjoyed myself so much.
  It was years since I had began to learn English.

⒌ It is/ was+具体时间点+when clause
本结构when从句是定语从句，具体时间点是先行词。如：It’s 6 o’clock when I go home from school every day.
It was five o’clock when they finished the job.
例题：
How long＿we have the mid-term examinations?
A is it since  B. has it been since  C will it be before D is it when 【C】
㈣ it作强调词，构成强调结构。这一句型对主语、宾语及状语进行强调。强调结构的基本形式有四种。
⒈It is /was+被强调成分+that/who+… （肯定句）
Is/Was it +被强调成分+that/who+… （疑问句）
What/How/Who/ is/was it that+… （特殊疑问句）
注意：it没有单复数变化。
It’s they who/ that often help me with English.
It’s I who /that am going to Beijing next week.
另外，在强调时间、地点、原因和方式状语，只能用that不能用 when、 where 、how和 why。如：--It was about 600 years ago that the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made.
--It was because her mother was ill that she didn’t come to school yesterday.
--It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcasts began.
特殊疑问句只有疑问词可以被强调.如：
When was it that you began to learn English?
例题： ⑴ Why ! I have nothing to confess.＿ You want me to say?
  A what is it that   B W hat it is that

 C How is it that   D how it is that 【A】
⑵ I have always been honest and straightforward,and it doesn’t matter ＿I’m talking to.(2004)
A who is it  B who it is  C it is who D it is whom 【B】-+
1.It is+被强调部分+that
该句型是强调句型，将被强调的放在前面，其他部分置于之后，强调的主语如果是人，可以用来替换，如果把这种句型结构划掉后，应该是一个完整无缺的句子，这也是判断强调句型与其他从句的方法。
It was they that (who) cleaned the classroom yesterday. It was in the street that I met her father.
It was with great joy ___he received the news that his lost daughter had been found. (2004 福建)   A. because  B. which  C. since  D. that
2. It is not until +被强调的部分+ that
该句型译成汉语“直到……才”，可以说是的强调形式。

--It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a film star. =Not until she took off her dark glasses did I realize she was a film star. =I didn’t realize she was a famous film star until she took off her dark glasses.
--It was ___back home after the experiment. (2004 湖北)
A. not until midnight did he go    B. until midnight that he didn’t go
C. not until midnight that he went  D. until midnight when he didn’t go

3. It is clear (obvious, true, possible, certain) that….
该句型中it是形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的主语从句，常译为“清楚（显然、真的、肯定）”是主语从句最常见的结构。
It is very clear that he’s round and tall like a tree.
=That he’s round and tall like a tree is very clear.
4. It is important (necessary, right, strange, natural…) that…
该句型和上一句同属一个句型。由于主句中的形容词不同，that后的从句中要用虚拟语气（should+动词原形）should 可以省去。建议记住该句型中的形容词。
--It is important that we (should) learn English well.
--It is necessary that he (should) remember these words.
5. It is said (reported, learned…) that…
该句型中的it 仍是形式主语，真正的主语是that 引导的主语从句。该结构常译为“据说（据报道，据悉……）
--It is said that he has come to Beijing.
--It is reported that another earth satellite has been put into orbit.
6. It is suggested (ordered…) that…
该句型和上一句属一个句型。主句中的过去分词是表示请求、建议、命令等词时，that后的从句要用虚拟语气 （should+动词原形）。可以省略，常译为“据建议；有命令……”
--It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.
--It was ordered that we (should) arrive there in two hours.
7. It is a pity (a shame…) that …
在该句型中，that后的从句一般用虚拟语气（should+动词原形），should可以省去，表示出乎意料，常译为“竟然”。没有这种意义时，不用虚拟语气。
--It is a pity that such a thing (should) happen in your class.
--It is a pity that he is ill.
8. It is time (about time, high time) that…
该句型中that后的从句应该用虚拟语气，值得注意的是：常用过去时态表示虚拟，有时也用should+动词原形，should 不能省。常译为“是（正是）……的时候……”
--It is time that children should go to bed.
=It is time that children went to bed.
9. It is the first (second, …)time that…
该句型应和上一个句型区别开来。该句型中不用虚拟语气，而用完成时态。至于用哪种完成时态，由主句的谓语动词的时态来决定。如果是一般现在时，从句用现在完成时态；如果是一般过去时，从句则用过去完成时态。该结构中that可以省去；it有时用this替换，常译为“是第一（二,…）次…”。
10. It is …since…
该句型主要用作处理瞬间动词的完成时，要和表示一段时间的时间状语连用。主句中是时间作表语，其时态是现在时和完成时，引导的从句通常是一般过去时态，而且是瞬间动词。如果主句是一般过去时，从句则用过去完成时。
--It is (has been) 5 years since his father died.
--It is almost five years ___we saw each other last time. (2005 北京)
  A. before B. since C. after D. when
11. It is …when…
该句型中的when引导的是一个时间状语从句，主句中的it指时间，表语由具体的时间充当。常译为“当……的时候，是……” --It was 5 o’clock when he came here.
12. It be…before…
该句型主句中的it指时间，主句中的时态常是一般将来时或过去时两种时态，主句中的表语多是long ,not long ,3 days, 2 weeks等表示时间段的词和短语。常译为“…之后才”，“没过……就……”
--It was 3 days before he went to Beijing.
--It will not be long before he finishes his job.
13. It happens (seems, looks, appears) that…
该句型中it 是形式主语，that 引导主语从句，主句中的happen, seem等词是不及物动词。
--It happened (so happened) that he met his teacher in the street. (碰巧……)
--It seems that he will be back in a few days. (看来……)
--The Foreign Minister said, “___our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.” (2004北京)    A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is

14. It takes sb…to do sth.
该句型中的不定式是真正的主语，是形式主语，句型中的直接宾语是时间。常译为“做……要花费某人……”--It took thousands of people many years to build the Great Wall.
15．It is no good (use) doing sth.
该句型中的真正主语是动名词短语，主句中的表语可以是 no good (not any good), no use (not any use ).
--It is no good learning English without speaking English.
16. It doesn’t matter whether…
该句型中的引导的从句是真正的主语，该句型译为“不论（是否）……没关系……
It doesn’t matter whether they are old.
17．It is kind (of sb) to do sth.
该句型中的不定式短语是真正主语，如果不定式的逻辑主语是由of引出，主句中的形容词必须是能表示逻辑主语的形容词。常见的有：bad, brave, careless, clever, cruel, foolish good (好心的),honest, horrible, kind, lazy, modest, naughty, nice (有教养的),polite, rude, silly, stupid ,wise ,wrong等。这个句型可以改写为sb.is kind to do sth.  eg.-- It is kind of you to stay so =You are kind to say so.
18. It is necessary (for sb) to do sth
该句型与上一句统属一个句型。如果不定式的逻辑主语是由for 引出的，主句的形容词通常是表示重要性，紧迫性，频繁程度，难易，安全等情况的形容词。常见的形容词有：
Important,necessary,natural,easy,safe,common,,normal,hard,difficult,dangerous,unusual,grape, impossible, pleasant.等。
--It is important for her to come to the party. =It is important that she (should) come to the party.
19. It looks (seems) as if …
该句型中it 无意义。As if 引导一个状语从句，常译为：“看起来好像……”如果与事实不相符合，则用虚拟语气。
--It looks as if he is ill. （真的病了）
--It looks as if he was ill. （事实上没有生病）--
--It seemed as if he was dying.
20. We think it important to learn a foreign language.
该句型中的it作形式宾语。为了记忆方便我们可称该句型为“7123结构”
7指主句中的常用的动词：think, believe, make, find, consider, feel, take.
1指的是形式宾语it .
2指的是宾补的两种形式：形容词和名词
3指的是真正宾语的三种形式：不定式短语，动名词短语或that引导的宾语从句。
--We think it our duty to clean our classroom every day.
--XiaoLi felt it important learning English well.
--They found it difficult that they would finish their work in two days.
例--Do you like ____here? (04 全国卷二)
--Oh, yes .The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.

A. this  B. these  C. that  D.  it

PRACTICE

1．______that there will be another good harvest this autumn.
A. He is said  B. It is said  C. It says D. It was said
2.______ she was free on Monday morning,
A. That happened B. It is happened that  C. It happened to D. It happened that
3.___three years since he joined the army.
 A. That is  B. It is  C. This is  D. It was
4. ________is good ___you to have taken good care of your classmates.
  A. This; to  B. It; for  C. That; it  D. It; of
5. What a long way ____________!
  A. it is  B is it  C. is that  D. This is
6. Does ______matter if I am late for the meeting tomorrow?
  A. this  B. it  C. that  D. which
7. ________makes me sick to think of the matter.
 A. That  B It  C. This  D. Which
8. The parents will never forget that ____the doctor __had saved their child’s life.
 A. It is; that  B. It was; that  C.That is; when  D. It was; when
9._____about half past ten ______we got to the station.
 A. It is; that  B. It was; that  C. That is; when  D. It was; when
10. We consider ___our duty helping him.
 A. it  B. that  C. which  D. that

11.—It is raining cats and dogs.
　—　_______ .  A.So it is　 B.So is it    C.Neither it is　　D.Neither is it 
12.—My home is in that tall building over there.
　—_______ ?  A.Can it see　　B.Can see it   C.Can be seen it　 D.Can it be seen 
13.It's demanded that we _______there on foot.
　A.not to go　 B.don't go  C.not go　　　D.won't go \

14.　_______you met the Englishman?
A.Where it was that　 B.Who it was that  C.Where  was it that　D.Where was that 
15.　_______in 1914 _______the First World War broke out?
　A.Was that, that　　B.Was that, when C.Was it. that　　　D.Was it, when 
16.I don't think _____difficult for a Chinese student to master a foreign language within 

five years
　  A.that　　　 B.it　　　 C.too　　　 D.very 
17. ._______certain that his invention will lead to the development of production.
　A.That's　　　 B.This is　　　 C.It's　　　 D.What's 
18It will not be　_______we meet again.
　A.long before　　　 B.before long     C.soon after　　　　D.shortly after 
19.Has _______been decided when we are to hold the sports-meeting?
　A.that　　　 B.this　　　 C.it　　　 D.what 
20 I don't know _______makes her afraid of having her business discussed.
　A.what it is about Mary that      B.that is it abut Mary what
  C.what is it about Mary that      D.that is about Mary what 

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