北美的“闭壳龟”-——箱龟Terrapene与布氏拟龟Emydoidea blandingii

标签:
情感 |
分类: 爬行动物--龟类 |
箱龟属Terrapene可以说是北美版的“闭壳”龟。背、腹甲间,及腹甲的胸、腹盾间以韧带相连。共有4个独立种,当然有的分类还有争议;除了沼泽箱龟外,都有亚种,习性上都偏向陆栖。有的种类成体雌雄眼睛异色(雄龟的偏红棕,雌龟的偏黄),如东箱,锦箱等。
箱龟属Terrapene Merrem 1820
卡罗莱纳箱龟Terrapene carolina Linnaeus 1758
沼泽箱龟Terrapene coahuila Schmidt and Owens 1944
斑点箱龟Terrapene nelsoni Stejneger 1925
锦箱龟Terrapene ornata Agassiz 1857
卡罗莱纳箱龟Terrapene carolina是分布最广,亚种最多的箱龟。共6个亚种,其中美国4个,墨西哥2个,墨西哥的亚种有时单列为独立种。
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东部箱龟T. c.
carolina是指名亚种。广泛分布于美国东部。背甲有鲜艳的花纹,且个体差异极大。背甲边缘通常不上翻。腹甲黄色,褐色或黄褐相间。后肢四爪(趾甲,下同)。
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三爪箱龟T. c. triunguis通常也作三趾箱龟。分布于美国中南部,也比较常见。花纹一般比较少,甚至常常没有。腹甲通常纯黄色。后肢三爪。
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佛州箱龟T. c. bauri分布于佛罗里达半岛及群岛。后肢通常也仅三爪。但本亚种背甲通常较修长且有清晰的长条形放射纹。背甲通常从幼体开始就有一条贯穿中央的条纹。头侧通常有二个条纹,但有些个体条纹断裂,甚至也有消失的。腹甲纯黄色或有黑色放射条纹。
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湾岸箱龟T. c. major分布于佛罗里达西北部向西至路易斯安那的沿海地区。可达20CM,是美国产最大的亚种。但最近有学者从分子生物学角度对本亚种的独立有效性提出质疑。背甲有的有花纹,有的没有。背甲后缘强烈外翻(水平展开)。后肢四爪。
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墨西哥箱龟T. c. mexicana分布于墨西哥东海岸一小块地方,包括塔毛利帕斯西南部、圣路易波特西东北部、韦拉克鲁斯北部。背甲修长,高隆。第三椎盾隆起成小驼峰状,后缘略外翻。后肢三爪。背甲图案类似三爪箱龟,但也有可能是浅黄褐色的底色加上黑色的盾片接缝。
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尤卡坦箱龟T. c. yucatana分布于尤卡坦半岛。背甲形状颜色等类似墨西哥箱龟,后肢四爪。
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锦箱龟Terrapene
ornata本种腹甲有清晰的黑色不规则图案。背甲有鲜艳的细长放射纹。共两个亚种。
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沼泽箱龟Terrapene coahuila也叫科拉韦阿箱龟。仅分布于墨西哥北部科拉韦阿的夸特罗谢内加斯。雌龟接近20CM,雄龟则达23CM。是唯一水栖的箱龟。体色比较平淡。据报道也有雌雄眼睛异色现象。
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斑点箱龟Terrapene
nelsoni也叫星点箱龟。这种分布于墨西哥西部,身上布满小黄点的箱龟,可以说是最鲜为人知的一种了,有关它的报道很少,学术界的研究也偏少。分为两个亚种。Smith
(1979)列出6条标准来区分两个亚种。但Buskirk 和Ponce-Campos
(2011)指出没有任何一条可用于实际亚种区别,所以亚种问题恐怕需要重新研究。目前两个亚种也只能由产地来区分。
指名亚种T. n. nelsoni
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北部亚种T. n. klauberi
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另外同产于北美的布氏拟龟Emydoidea
blandingii也有类似的腹甲韧带结构,但它与箱龟没有什么关系,布氏拟龟实实际上与欧洲泽龟,以及美国西南部的石斑龟亲缘关系较近。本种的特征是颈部较长,背甲较较箱龟类扁平,腹甲后缘有缺刻。大约需要14-21年发育成熟,成体背甲长通常为15-24cm,体重为0.75-1.4
kg,但也有报道超过25 cm体重超过2
kg的。寿命可超过75年。没有亚种,但根据遗传学差异,被学者分为三个进化显著性单元:一者为美加之间五大湖及周边地区,这是本种的“主产区”;二者为美国东北部沿海的小块地方;三为加拿大新斯科舍南部(从分布图上我们就能明显看出三者地理上也是分离开的)。
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