网课专题:如何在线上好英语阅读课?
(2020-02-26 15:37:08)
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英语阅读在线网课方法 |
网课专题:如何在线上好英语阅读课?
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摘要朗读
摘要:作者在这篇文章里分享了自己上网课积累的一些经验,主要谈了如何在线上好英语阅读课。他认为网课教学设计应该特别注意两点:一是趣味性,要引人入胜;二是实效性,要高效讲练。作者详细介绍了英语精读课的“四步教学法”:第一步,运用多媒体,开展视听说,导入课文话题;第二步,采用Top-down阅读模式,指导学生快速阅读,通过精心设计的问答题或四选一选择题,对课文进行整体理解;第三步,实施Bottom-up阅读模式,剖析难句结构,解释难词和短语,通过翻译达到准确理解原文;第四步,设计英汉互译练习,让学生进一步加深对课文的理解和消化吸收,将所学的知识落实到笔头上,练好写作基本功。通过教学实践,作者发现:将Top-down阅读模式和Bottom-up阅读模式同时运用,再加上采用多媒体手段和传统的语法翻译法,阅读课能取得更加令人满意的教学效果。当然,最后的练习也可以设计为“概要写作”,这样与高考的写作要求一致,培养学生的语言概括能力和创新性思维能力。
今春新学期开学遇到新冠肺炎(COVID-19)的爆发,至今疫情尚未解除,但是“停课不停学”,老师们近日纷纷在家或到学校上起了网课。尽管网络授课与在教室里上课方式上有很大差异,如学生分散在家听课,有的平台很难做到师生互动等,但其教学内容、教学方法和教学目标却是一致的,都是需要在规定的时间内采用一些教学方法讲完所规定的教学内容,以期达到预设的教学目标。
外语教学的核心内容应该是教材里的核心课文教学,或者称阅读教学,至于初三和高三年级,由于教材可能已经复习结束,这就需要外语老师去寻找一些合适的文本进行阅读教学。为什么说课文的阅读教学是核心?是因为词汇、语法知识的学习以及听说读写译等能力的培养都是需要通过课文的教学而获得的。
网络授课同样也需要做好教学设计,前几期郑新民教授已经发表了几篇文章,都谈得很好。在此,我想谈谈我对阅读课的教学设计的做法。但由于是远程教学,在设计时就要更加注意两点:一是趣味性(吸引学生听课);二是实效性(既要把课讲好也要设计高效的课后练习)。
下面以高三的阅读教学为例,谈谈如何通过网络授课来开展高效的阅读教学。议论文的阅读无疑就是高三外语教学的重点和难点了。以下的文章选自纽约时报网站(https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/07/education/edlife/be-nice-you-wont-finish-last.html,2017年4月7日刊登的文章,名为Be Nice — You Won’t Finish Last,后于4月16日校园出版社网站http://schoolpress.cshgreenwich.org/cshmsparents/tag/mitch-prinstein/进行了转载 ) ,为说明文形式的议论文。
During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage in dangerous and risky behavior.”
In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys. “We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.”
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date — sharing, kindness, openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research, Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. “Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage,” he said.
作者从社会心理学视角讨论了青少年在小学与中学阶段的成长经历,论述了个体受欢迎程度这一青少年心理健康话题,最后得出结论:受欢迎的学生比不受欢迎的学生和地位高的学生在日后的生活和工作上适应能力更强,更有优势。
首先,我们在设计时要考虑利用多媒体手段开展这个话题的视听说(可以从网上搜索选取英文解说的受欢迎学生在学校的行为表现的新闻报道或相关视频),吸引学生对课堂的注意力,同时也为课文阅读做好导入和充分的准备。
其次,开展Top-down阅读模式,设计阅读问答题(注:以下的问答题采用了高考题设计):
1. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A. Unkind.
2. What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A. The classification of the popular.
B. The characteristics of adolescents.
C. The importance of interpersonal
skills.
D. The causes of dishonorable behavior.
3. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids?
A. They appeared to be aggressive.
B. They tended to be more adaptable.
C. They enjoyed the highest status.
D. They performed well academically.
4. What is the best title for the text?
A. Be Nice — You Won’t Finish Last
B. The Higher the Status, the Better
C. Be the Best — You Can Make It
D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness
第三步,采用Bottom-up阅读模式,讲解难词和短语,对文章里的难句进行语法分析和翻译以便学生能够完全理解。
(1)The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities | strengthen | schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, [when tapped early], are employed [ever after in life and work].
[语法分析] 此句有三个并列的谓语:strengthen; jump-start; are employed; when引导的时间状语从句,承前省略了主语the likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities和谓语部分的助动词are;jump-start意思是“全力以赴启动”。
[参考译文] 讨人喜欢的人能与他人相处很好,因而能增强校园友谊,激发人际交往的能力。这些能力如能及早开发,将会在未来的工作和生活中发挥作用。
(2)[Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed], || Dr. Prinstein’s studies | show | unpleasant consequences.
[语法分析] 本句是一个由从属连词as引导的让步状语从句。as意为“尽管”时,引导的从句要用倒装语序,其结构为:形容词 / 名词 / 副词/ 动词原形 + as + 主语……。
[参考译文] 尽管这些酷孩子可能看起来令人羡慕,但普林斯坦博士的研究显示了不好的结果。
(3)We found || that the least well-liked teens | had become | more aggressive [over time toward their classmates]. But so had |those || (who were high in status).
[语法分析] 第二句中的so意为“同样”、“也”,接在肯定句后面,引起部分倒装。其结构为“so + 助动词/ 情态动词 / be动词 + 主语”。关系代词who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词those。
[参考译文] 我们发现,随着时间的推移,最不受欢迎的青少年对他们的同学变得更加咄咄逼人。但那些地位高的学生也出现了同样情况。
(4)It clearly showed || that while likability | can lead to healthy adjustment, high status | has | just the opposite effect on us.
[语法分析] that引导宾语从句,在该从句中包含一个while引导的让步状语从句。
[参考译文] 这清楚地表明,尽管讨人喜欢会带来很好的适应力,但地位高却会对我们带来完全相反的影响。”
作为外语教师,我们不但要教给学生全面系统的语法知识,而且最关键的是要培养学生的语法分析能力。Diane Larsen-Freeman (2003) 在书中Teaching Language: From Grammar to Grammaring 将语法与听说读写并列,作为语言的第五项技能,还造了一个新词:Grammaring,可见语法技能是多么的重要。
以下的句子成分分析口诀值得参考:
主谓宾、定状补,主干枝叶分清楚;主要成分主谓宾,附加成分定状补;
谓前为状系后表,短语定语主宾后;形代定语主宾前,宾补位于宾语后;
间宾直宾紧相连,直间之间to for连;地状常在时状前,句子成分记心间。
符号:|| 隔主句从句
通常情况下,句子的成分分布如下:
汉语句子成分:
(状语1)+定语1+主语+状语2+谓语+定语2+宾语+(状语3)
英语句子成分:
(状语1)+主语+定语1+谓语+状语2+宾语+定语2+(状语3)
第四步,设计课后作业,最好设计少而精的翻译练习。为减轻练习的难度,可考虑英汉互译,这样也是对课文内容的进一步思考、巩固和检测,同时学以致用,既练习了词汇,又练习了语法句型,还又有助于写作能力的提高,可谓“一举三得”。
英译汉 |
汉译英 |
1. I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. |
1. 我很喜欢大声朗读英语,这就使得我在如此短的时间内英语有了很大长进。 |
2. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself. |
2. 他们发家致富,不是靠勤劳和诚信经营,而是通过抬高物价、以次充优和缺斤少两等欺骗手段。 |
3. Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences. |
3. 尽管这些富人可能看起来很傲慢,但是对于学者还是表现出敬意。 |
4. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.” |
4. 这清楚表明,2000多年来,孔子的思想对我们中国人有着积极的影响。 |
5. Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. |
5. 他的失败不仅与他的懒惰有关,也有老师的教学方法原因。 |
课后的作业,也可要求学生口头复述课文;
课后的作业,也可要求学生口头复述课文;在新课改地区,还可以设计一道与高考题一致的概要写作题:
Write a summary of the text within 60 words.(根据课文内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。)
总而言之,无论是正常的课堂阅读教学还是网络教授阅读课,不管教师使用什么方法,如讨论法、问答法或选择题测试法,都不能说明学生是真的理解了文章。唯有语法翻译法是最佳的教学方法和检测手段,是“真懂”还是“假懂”?只要通过翻译,马上就能检测出来。因为翻译是外语学习的最高境界,来不得半点的虚假。那么,在遇到难句怎么办?如何正确理解?只有通过句法分析,方可理清句子的结构关系,真正弄懂句子含义。语法分析和翻译的过程本身就是一个“分析问题和解决问题的过程”,而且方法简单,来得快,易于操作,任何水平的老师都可以把阅读课教好,故完全可以说,语法翻译法是教授英语阅读和训练学生读写能力的最佳方法。