解答完形填空需考虑的十种逻辑关系

 

 李进才  贵州省六盘水市第四中学高中部  李进才 来源：百试乐英语

■ 摘要：语篇是由一些意义相关的句子根据一定的逻辑关系组织起来的语义整体。语篇衔接中的逻辑关系非常重要，因为它能展现出作者的写作思路和篇章的意义。

高考对逻辑关系的考查主要有两种：一是考查逻辑关系的关联词；二是考查通过逻辑关系来推断出正确的答案。因此，解题时，一定要重视语篇中前后句或上下文之间的逻辑关系，由逻辑关系中已知的部分推断出未知的部分，从而大幅提高解题能力。

1.因果关系

文中前后句之间是因果关系时，两句之间往往有表示原因和结果的关联词，如：because, so, as a result等；但是，有时两句之间却没有表示因果的信号词，这时前后句之间存在着一种隐性的因果关系。

[例1] He might not have done this particularly well,  46  the teacher told Gabriel that he had a good ear and suggested that Gabriel go into the music store-room to see if any of the instruments there appealed to him. (2017年江苏卷)

46. A. because        B. but              C. though            D. so

解析：本题考查表示前后句之间逻辑关系的连接词。句意：他也许弹（钢琴）得并不特别好，因为老师说他对音乐的领悟能力不错，并建议他去乐器贮藏室看看是否有令他喜欢的乐器。他弹得不够好，也许是因为钢琴不太适合他，是因果关系，故选A。

[例2] They saw a man  36   out of a garbage can. She asked her mother why he did that and her mother said that the man was homeless and hungry. (2017年北京卷)

36. A. jumping  B. eating      C. crying     D. waving   

解析：后一句中的“the man was homeless and hungry（这个男人无家可归且饥肠辘辘）”表示原因，本句表示结果，即前果后因。由因推果，可知“他们看见一个男人正在捡垃圾桶里的食物吃”，故选B。

2.条件关系

条件关系就是指从句提出一种条件，主句说明在这种条件下产生的结果。常见关联词有if, unless, on condition that等。

[例3] “I can help, Mum！” James said. “ 44  I can make you and Dad feel better, can Brett come over?  Please？” (2014年江西卷)

44.  A. As     B. If     C. Since   D. Before   

解析：“如果我能让你和父亲感觉好一点儿”与“Brett能过来吗？”是条件与结果的关系， 故选B。

[例4]The children of Nome would be  37  if it (a deadly infectious disease mainly affecting children) struck the town. Dr. Welch needed medicine as soon as possible to stop other kids from getting sick. (2016年北京卷)

37. A. harmless        B. helpless           C. fearless          D. careless      

解析：由从句条件推知主句结果。由 “如果这种（主要传染给孩子的致命的）疾病袭击了这个镇子”可推知，“Nome镇的孩子们就会很无助了”，故选B。

3.让步关系

一般说来，让步关联词分为介词类和连词类。介词类的让步关联词有despite，in spite of, regardless of等，连词类有though，although，as和while以及even if, even though等。

[例5]Looking around, he continued, “Cathy has inspired us with her will and enthusiasm.   33   skills and talents bring great success, the most valuable asset(财富)one can hold is the heart.”  (2016年天津卷)

33. A. Although     B. Since           C. Once           D. Because

解析：由主句“the most valuable asset(财富)one can hold is the heart (然而，一个人拥有的最大财富是内心)”可推知空格所在句句意为“虽然或尽管技巧和天赋能带来巨大的成功”，故选A。

[例6]Hard though she tried to make the kids   40  ， the thunder won the battle for their attention. (2013年重庆卷) 

40．A. concentrate   B.change             C．hide               D．sit

解析：考查通过让步关系推断出正确答案。根据though可知，前后分句之间为让步关系。句意为“尽管她尽力让孩子们集中注意力，雷声却吸引了孩子们的注意力”。故选A。

4.转折关系

当前后两句的逻辑关系为转折关系时，前句往往提出某种事实或情况，后句转而陈述与前句相反或相对的意思， 即后句才是说话人所要表达的真正意图。常见关联词：however, but, on the contrary等。

[例7] We went 10—1 and I was named most valuable player, _____48_____ I often had crazy dreams in which I was to blame for Miller’s accident. (2016年全国Ⅱ卷)

48. A. and  B. then  C. but  D. thus

解析：“我被命名为最有价值的运动员”与“我常做恶梦被责备”是转折关系，故选项C正确。

[例8] Dr. Welch needed medicine as soon as possible to stop other kids from getting sick.   38  , the closest supply was over 1, 000 miles away, in Anchorage. (2016年北京卷)    

38. A. Moreover        B. Therefore           C. Otherwise        D. However      

解析：因“韦尔奇医生迫切需要药品来预防小孩子们患病”与“最近的药品供应站也在一千英里之外的安克雷奇”为转折关系，故选D。

[例9] The lessons they learned may not be  40  what they would have gotten in school，but are certainly more personal and meaningful，because they had to work them out on their own. (2015 年全国Ⅱ卷)

40．A. harmful to       B．mixed with          C．different from  D．applied to 

解析：由转折连词but后一分句可推知整句的句意为“她们学到的经验可能与将在学校得到的并无区别(different from)，但一定更加个性化，更有意义，因为她们必须靠自己来弄清楚”，故选C。

5.对比关系

当前后句的逻辑关系为对比关系时，两句在意义上应具有明显的差异，以便进行对照比较。常见关联词：while, whereas, not….. but, instead等。

[例10]The professor was deaf and any talking was prohibited. I soon realized that the silence was not unpleasant.  58   , if there had been any talking, it would have caused us to learn less.  (2017年新课标Ⅰ卷)

58. A. Lastly     B. Thus         C. Instead    D. However       

解析：考查对比关系的关联词。 “I soon realized that the silence was not unpleasant(我很快意识到安静不是不令人愉快的)”和“if there had been any talking, it would have caused us to learn less(如果当时有口语交流，那只会造成我们学的手语更少)”是对比关系，故选C。

[例11]Northern Europeans usually do not like having bodily contact (接触) even with friends, certainly not with strangers. People from Latin American countries，  45  , touch each other quite a lot. (2012年全国Ⅰ卷) 

45. A. in other words        B. on the other hand       C. in a similar way        D. by all means

解析：“拉丁美洲的人相互之间身体接触较多”与前一句“北欧人通常不喜欢身体的接触，即使是朋友，当然更不用说陌生人”之间为对比关系，用on the other hand(另一方面)，故选B。

6.并列关系

在用并列连词and或not only…but also把两个互相独立的简单句连接而成的复合句中，前后句之间的逻辑关系为并列关系，既可以是同近义并列，也可以反义并列。解题时，可从一个简单句推知正确答案。 

[例12] Freddy was an average student, but not an average person. He had the rare balance of fun and compassion（同情）. He would laugh the loudest over fun and be the saddest over anyone’s  46   .  (2017年新课标Ⅱ卷)

46. A. misfortune       B. disbelief            C. dishonesty         D. mistake

解析：根据并列连词and和前一分句中的fun以及46空前面的saddest不难判断：两分句之间的逻辑关系为并列关系，且是反义并列，故选A。

[例13]Then came the final awards ceremony at the end of the year. Cathy didn’t expect any award but was still there to  30  her friends and praise their accomplishments. (2016年天津卷)

30. A. cheer on     B. compete with      C. respond to   D. run after  

解析：根据“and praise their accomplishments”可推知，30空应为：为某人鼓劲加油，故选A。

7. 递进关系

所谓递进关系，是指后一分句以前一分句为基点，并在程度或范围上比前一分句有更进一层的语义关系。常见关联词有even, besides, what’s more等。

[例14]They had begun to integrate (融合) the kinds of play and teamwork they had seen the day before into their game. They played aggressively and   36   scored a goal. (2015年全国II卷)

36.A.even     B.still   C.seldom   D.again

解析：前文说她们把前一天从对手身上“看到”的技巧和合作精神融入到自己的比赛中。由 “她们表现得很有进攻性”与“(甚至)还进了一球”是递进关系，故选A。

[例15] Whatever failures I suffer in my life, an ironed shirt tells me I am good at something.       46  , through ironing I've learned the method for solving even the most troublesome problems. (2014年湖南卷)

46. A. Instead      B. Besides      C. Otherwise    D. However

解析：“无论我在生活中遇到什么失败，熨烫衣服说明我还有某种强项”与“(而且)通过熨烫衣服，我已经学会了解决最难问题的方法”之间为递进关系，故选B。

8.解释关系

解释关系是指一个句子对另一个句子、短语或单词进行解释或说明。解释的方法既可通过某些动词（mean, be和suggest等），也可通过某些符号（破折号，冒号和括号等），或者关联词(for example/instance, namely等)。 这里只讨论句子之间的解释关系。

[例16] In the more than five years since Hannah began her activities, she has received a lot of  51  . For example, she received the 2007 BRICK Award recognizing the efforts of young people to change the world. (2017年北京卷)

51. A. praises     B. invitations     C. replies       D. appointments  

解析：由for example可知，两句之间为解释关系。并且由后一句的句意“例如，她获得2007年度的BRICK Award大奖”可知，51空处应表示“奖励”，故选A。

[例17]On January 31, a musher named Seppala had to cross a frozen body of water called Norton Sound. It was the most____48____ part of the journey. Norton Sound was covered with ice, which could sometimes break up without warning. If that happened, Seppala might fall into the icy water below. (2016年北京卷) 

48. A. shameful        B. boring       C. dangerous       D. foolish

解析：空后的句子“Norton Sound was covered with ice, which could sometimes break up without warning. If that happened, Seppala might fall into the icy water below. ”是对48空所在句子的解释，由这一解释可知“这是旅途中最危险的一部分”，故选C。  

9.顺序关系

当前后句之间的逻辑关系为顺序关系时，它们往往表示某一事件或动作的连续发生。值得注意的是，顺序关系有时不是指前后句之间，而是存在于上下段或上下文之间。常见关联词有to begin with, first of all, first(ly), second(ly), then, next, in the end, finally, last but not least 等。

[例18]In 1973, I was teaching elementary school. Each day, 27 kids entered “The Thinking Laboratory.”… Before the school year  47  , I gave the kids a special gift, … (2017年新课标Ⅱ卷)

47. A. changed     B. approached         C. returned      D. ended  

解析：前文说作者正在教小学，根据 “I gave the kids a special gift ”，可知从句应表示“在本学年结束之前”，故选D。

[例19]And I went into a speech about how hard I worked and the gains I was making. I must have talked for ten minutes. Kurt listened patiently, but then he  42  smiled and said, “You don’t have a personal plan for growth, do you?” (2016江苏卷)

42. A. eagerly   B. gradually   C. gratefully      D. finally

解析：由信号词then可知，前后分句之间的逻辑关系为顺序关系。根据语境可知：耐心听完之后，Kurt才最后微笑着说“You don’t have a personal plan for growth, do you?”。故选D。

10.时间关系

时间状语从句常由when, while, after, before, as soon as等引导。解题时一定要认真研究前后句之间的逻辑关系，结合语境推断出最佳选项。

[例20] The race began on January 27. The first musher, Shannon, picked up the medicine from the train at Nenana and rode all night.  46  he handed the medicine to the next musher, Shannon’s face was black from the extreme cold. (2016年北京卷)

46. A. Though     B. Since            C. When         D. If

解析：前后句之间的逻辑关系为时间关系，且从句意（当他把药给下一位 赶狗拉雪橇的人的时候，Shannon的脸因极度的寒冷而冻得发黑。）来判定46空处应为：当……的时候，故选C。

[例21]In his first years of high school, Gabriel would look pityingly at music students, struggling across the campus with their heavy instrument cases，turning up at school for practice hours    38   anyone else had to be there. (2017年江苏卷)

38. A. before           B. after               C. until               D. since   

解析：根据38空的前后句可知Gabriel不喜欢音乐，其中的一个原因就是学音乐的学生要比规定的到校时间早几个小时到校去练习音乐，故选A。 选自《广东教育(高中)》2017年第10期