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土木工程概论课程报告

A Freshman’s Learning Report of Introduction of Civil Engineering

ABSTRACT   In College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, freshmen will have an Introduction of Civil Engineering course in the first semester which invite well-known experts, professors to talk in the form of seminars designed to give students a preliminary understanding of the occupations of their future. I am also a member of the 2006 freshmen, here is my learning report.

Up to now, my understanding of civil engineering can be divided into three periods. The first is of worship. I thought it is a very magical kind of person who can create a lot of towers and elevated roads, just like a great example of the ancient engineers who created the Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, my hometown. The second is the ideal. I got to know what civil engineering is and I came to Tongji. Third is of studies. This is the first semester at Tongji and through this course and the library, the Internet and other channels I further deepen my understanding of the subject. Of course, the fourth will be the career.

What should we do to frame the knowledge structure of civil engineers?

Civil engineer is a very old-fashioned science. In ancient times, engineers created a lot of project miracles, and left us a precious legacy. At that time, the wisdom of craftsmen which people today really admire is from hand-labor and oral experience, but not the scientific theory. However, we are not the ancients, we have the scientific knowledge. The weapons will lead us to better and faster completion of the modern civil engineering tasks.  

Civil engineering techniques are based on modern natural science, and math, physics are the foundation. From the training program College issued we can see that the infinitesimal calculus, linear algebra, probability theory, engineering mechanics, structural mechanics and material mechanics are all our fundamental courses. We should master planning and project selection, project materials, engineering survey, Descriptive Geometry and Engineering Drawing (both the traditional manual mapping and CAD), structural analysis and design, infrastructure and foundation, the  modern construction techniques, the basic knowledge and methods of engineering testing, the basic principles and methods of disaster prevention and mitigation projects, and other basic knowledge of construction equipment and civil engineering machinery. There are many directions, such as housing construction, tunnels and underground construction, highways and roads, mass transit, disaster prevention projects, bridge projects, etc. for us to choose from as our major direction.

A qualified civil engineer should have some special knowledge reserves, which are mainly of social science areas but are closely related to our job, so that we should receive them as common sense. Such knowledge is like economics, management, law, geography and geology and transport.

With such knowledge and skills, we need to apply them to our work skillfully.

There are also responsibilities for the qualitative civil engineers. Even if you do not care for personal gain but not seem to mind your work, you may also end up with serious disasters. Life is precious. Try to be efficient, budget-saving, and resource-saving. Meanwhile, we should try to shorten the construction period under the premise of guaranteeing quality, do everything possible to minimize the impact on people's lives, that is, to be less disturbing. To solve the shortage of power, we have to build many hydropower stations in the Southwest, it will be impossible to assess the impact on the ecological environment. It is inevitable for the construction of a power station, but we should minimize the impact of construction. This is of the scientific concept of development.

Professor Zheng from CAUP talked about aesthetic issues of a project. This is the dialectical relationship between form and content. In another level, I think we should pick some “beauty- design-related” subjects such as architecture, urban planning and landscape design. This is a concept of “divided subjects, integrated personnel”.

Every time a civil engineer see a building, whether it is in steel structure, concrete structure, masonry structure or membrane structure, they “break” it in the brain. When meeting new and good structures, they will use it for future design reference. Keep in mind to care about world affairs, especially that concerning urban creating.

At the end of my thesis you will read something new, or innovative, or originative. I want to give you a thought I raised myself. I call it “humanistic civil engineering”. A harmonious society requires the humanistic spirit, so civil engineering is no exception. What is the humanistic spirit of the civil engineering? Let me cite an example. 2010 Shanghai World Expo has brought the current round of the Shanghai construction upsurge and rail transit system is under construct everywhere. Main roads in the excavation aggravate great jams. Huxi campus of Tongji University is faced with the problem. In front of the gate, under Zhennan Road was an R3 (Line 11) station. The site is located below the Central Elevated Ring Road. Taking into account the construction site, road surface hardening is not done. Municipal sector department intended to save money by doing this; the construction site will involve excavation and rolling of large construction vehicles. But knowing the long metro construction period and that traffic are really great at Zhennan-Zhenbei cross, it is really a nightmare. As I mentioned before, it is necessary to minimize the nuisance. This presents us with a new challenge. Have a system concept and an overall concept, ensure civil engineering humanities. The concept is what we should encourage.

同济大学土木工程学院在大一上学期为本科生开设土木工程概论课程^[1]，邀请知名专家教授主讲，旨在以讲座的形式让同学们对将来要从事的职业有一个初步的了解，迎接将来的事业。本人也是2006级新生中的一员，现就本学期土木工程概论课的学习情况作一汇报。

1  土木工程：从情结到事业

我来到同济土木，绝非无缘无故。在今天以前，我对土木工程的认识可分为三个阶段。

一是崇拜阶段。我很小的时候的理想是当一名工程师，为家乡造很多很多高楼和高架。那时候我觉得这样一种人很神奇，很伟大，比如古代的工程师造出了家乡洛阳的龙门石窟。

二是理想阶段。我知道了土木工程是什么，确定了自己真正的的理想，在高考志愿上填报了同济土木。

三是学业阶段。在同济这第一个学期，通过本课程和图书馆、网络等渠道，我对土木工程的认识进一步加深。

当然，第四个阶段将是未来的事业阶段。

2  准备成为工程师

2.1 土木工程师的知识结构

土木工程是一门很古老的学问。在古代，前人们创造出了许多至今仍让我们叹为观止的工程奇迹，给我们留下了宝贵的遗产。那时工匠们的智慧是用勤劳的双手得来的，经验口头相传，没有系统的科学理论，真是让人佩服。然而我们不是古人，我们有科学知识，这一武器可以让我们更好更快地完成现代土木工程的任务。

土木工程的技术方法建立在现代自然科学之上，数学、物理是基础。从学院颁布的培养计划上可以看到，微积分、线性代数、概率论、工程力学、结构力学、材料力学等都是我们的基础课。需要掌握工程规划与选型、工程材料、工程测量、画法几何及工程制图（包括传统的手工制图和CAD）、结构分析与设计、基础工程与地基处理、土木工程现代施工技术、工程检测与试验等方面的基本知识和基本方法，了解工程防灾与减灾的基本原理与方法以及建筑设备、土木工程机械等基本知识。专业课有很多方向，如房屋建筑、隧道与地下建筑、公路与城市道路、轨道交通、工程防灾、桥梁工程等，需要我们届时选择主修方向。

一个合格的土木工程师还应该有一些特殊的知识储备，这些知识多属于社会科学范畴，但与我们的职业密切相关，我们应了解其常识。这类知识包括经济学、管理学、法律、地理地质、交通等。

有了这些知识和技能，我们需要熟练地在工作中运用它们。

2.2 土木工程师的素质

2.2.1 责任 (Responsibilities)

天下兴亡，匹夫有责，何况我们有着强大力量的工程师呢？而且我们手中的事关乎国计民生。以下是我总结的几个方面。

正直 要有良知。在工程中偷工减料谋取私利是丧尽天良的，我们手中不只是建筑材料，而是人民的生命财产安全。

谨慎 即使你不想谋取私利，但是你不以为意，马马虎虎，后果一样严重。人命关天，草率不得。

高效节约 从忧国忧民的角度出发，要降低概预算，节约资金、资源，追求实用、高性价比、长使用寿命，试图说服有关领导放弃大而空的政绩工程，负责地用好人民的血汗钱。同时要在保证质量的前提下尽量缩短工期，想方设法减少工程对人民生活的影响，少扰民。

环保 为了解决电荒，我们要在大西南修建很多水电站，这对生态环境的影响是无法估量的。这其中既有工程本身的不可抗影响，又有施工带来的人为破坏。修建电站是不得已的必然，但我们能不能将施工带来的影响降到最低呢？这是一个值得探讨和实践的问题。生态始终是第一位的。这才是科学发展观。

2.2.2 美学素养 (Aesthetic qualities)

CAUP的郑时龄教授讲到了工程与美学。这是形式与内容的辩证关系。真正伟大的内容，其形式一定是美的。反映在土木工程上，真正好的结构，必然有美的造型。

在另外的层面上，我认为土木工程从业人员应当对现代土木建筑行业中与“美”的设计相关的学科如建筑学、城市规划学、景观学有所了解。这些学科和土木工程源出同门，自然不能由于技术分工而一刀两断。土木工程中有桥梁造型设计，这是需要土木工程师完成的，如果我负责设计，我会像建筑师那样工作，造型、色彩、材质等等全部包办，做出具有视觉冲击力的作品，而不是请建筑师来负责“包装”。这是复合型人才的理念，是现代社会所倡导的，是“学科分工，人才综合”。

2.2.3 留心周围 (Caring for small things)

土木工程师应该有种“职业病”，看到一个建筑物，不管是钢结构、混凝土结构、砌体结构还是膜结构，都会在大脑中“解构”它。熟悉的结构，可以给随行的外行讲解；新的好的结构，能够默而识之，在以后的设计中借鉴。这就像建筑师会留心建筑的形式风格和功能组织一样。

还要留心天下大事，尤其是城市建设方面的。

3  专题：土木工程之我见

3.1 人文土木（Humanistic Civil Engineering）

构建和谐社会需要人文精神，土木工程也不例外，所以这里我提出“人文土木”一词。什么是土木工程中的人文精神呢？我举个例子。2010年上海世博会掀起了本轮上海市建设高潮，轨道交通建设遍地开花，交通要道上到处在开挖，加剧了拥堵。同济大学沪西校区门前真南路上的R3（11号线）站点建设算是让我领教了。该站点位于中环线高架下方，考虑到站点在建，中环线开通前未对该段路面进行硬化。市政部门这样做的本意是节约，因为站点施工必然牵涉到开挖及大型施工车辆碾压。然而要知道，地铁建设周期长，真南路真北路又是车流极大的地方，坑洼的路面严重影响通行，造成高架路的下匝道不畅，地面拥堵，晴天尘土飞扬，雨天满地泥泞。这又是一个说明土木工程之于城市、社会牵一发而动全身的例子。前面说过，要把扰民降到最低。这对我们提出了新的挑战。要有系统观、全局观，做到文明施工，人文土木。这是等不来的，这不是“手脚”（工人）或是“屁股”（领导）们的觉悟，而是“脑袋”（工程师）的理念，是我们应该倡导的。

以上是我的报告，不一定很恰当，请老师指正。接下来，我的任务就是全身心投入学习当中，迎接我的事业。

听课记录

9月13日       朱合华        土木工程与土木工程师

9月20日       汪大绥        土木及结构工程师的素养和能力

9月27日       刘西拉        21世纪土木工程师的知识、能力和素质

10月25日      周顺华        铁路的现状和发展

11月1日       卢耀如        地下水与地质灾害及工程安全与环境效应

11月8日       陈世鸣        土木建筑工程中的高新技术

11月22日      项海帆        桥梁工程概论

12月20日      郑时龄        工程美学

参考文献

[1] 同济大学沈祖炎等，土木工程概论，中国建筑工业出版社，2005年8月第一版