Arbitrariness: there is no natural relationship between the forms of linguistic signs and its meaning. 语言符号的形式与所表达的意思之间没有天然的联系。

Articulatory phonetics: the study of the production of speech sounds. 发音语音学，研究语音如何产生的。

Acoustic phonetics: the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. 声学语音学，对语音物理属性的研究。

Auditory phonetics: the study of the perception of speech sounds. 听觉语音学，对语音感知的研究。

=Perceptual phonetics

Applied linguistics: the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second language. (narrow sense)

it refers to the study of language and other theories in relation to any language-related problems. 应用语言学，指对语言学及与任何语言问题相关的理论进行的研究。

Actual linguistic behavior: what a speaker actually says on a particular occasion to a particular individual is what he has selected from the many possible things he could have said. This actual selection of things from what one could have said is …/实际语言行为，说话者在某个特定的场合对某个特定的个体所说的话，是从其所能说的多种可能的内容中挑选出来的。这种说话者从言语内容中所做的实际选择就叫实际言语行为。

Anthropological linguistics: use the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and the use of language in human cultural patterns and beliefs. 用人类学的理论和方法来研究语言的变化及语言在人类文化模式和信仰中的应用。

Associative relation / paradigmatic relations / vertical relations /choice relation:

 

“bow-wow” theory: theory that language originated from people’s imitations of animals cried and other sounds heard in nature.“汪汪”理论，语言起源于人们模仿动物或能听到的大自然的声音。

=（the natural-sound source）自然声音模仿说 

 

Creativity: language-uses can manipulate their linguistic resources to produce new expression_rs and new sentences.

= (productivity, open-endedness)

Computational linguistics: use computer and computer techniques to do further linguistics research and solve specific problem. 计算机语言学。运用计算机和计算机技术进行深入的语言研究和特殊问题的解决。

Competence/ Performance: underlying knowledge about the system of rules in a language. 语言能力，对于语言规则系统的潜在意识。 Competence; Ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance, the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.

Cultural transmission: the details of language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. 文化传递性，语言不是靠遗传，而是靠教与学来传递的。

Communicative/informative: intentional communication

Co-occurrence: (relation of co-occurrence): means that words of different sets of classes may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of sentence. 同现关系指句子中不同部分的各类词允许或要求与另外一个词类的词搭配使用，这样才能组成一个完整的句子或句子中的某一特定部分。

Chain relation(Horizontal relation / Syntagmatic relations):

Choice relation / Associative relation / paradigmatic relations / vertical relations /:

Cohesion: a concept to do with discourse or text rather than with syntax. It refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and defines it as a text. 衔接这一概念与话语或语篇有关，与句法关。它指的是语篇之间存在的意义关系，并将其定义为篇章

 

(the) divine source: the theory that human language is provided by a divine source in most religions. 神授说

Diachronic / Synchronic: a way that studies language as it changes through time. 历时的，研究语言随时间发展变化的方法。

(Diachronic study: the description of a language as it changes from time)  (Diachronic description)

Descriptive/ prescriptive: the study of linguistics to describe and analyze the language people actually use. 描写式，描写分析语言在现实中的用法。

Duality: property of having two levels of structure. The primary level is composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 二层性指拥有两层结构的属性，上层结构的单位由底层结构的元素构成，每层都有自身的组合规则。）

同(Double articulation)

Displacement: the ability of language to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of speaker. 移位性，语言能够指称说话人即时情境以外的语境。

Design feature: the distinctive features of human language that distinguish human language from languages of animals essentially . 定义特征：从本质上将人类语言与动物语言区分开的人类语言的区别性特点

Discreteness: the sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct. 分离性

 

Emotive function: the function to change the attitude of an audience for or against someone or something. 感情功能，改变听者赞成或反对某人、某事的态度。

Etic / emic: it refers to the linguistic units containing “etic”, such as phonetic, morphetic, which are used to describe linguistic facts in detail without distinctive features. 指具有“素”的语言单位，如音素，词素，是对语言事实的具体描写，不具有区别性特征，最早用于音素描写。

Emic / etic: it refers to the linguistic units containing “emic”, such phonemic, morphemic, which are used to describe abstract linguistic rules with distinctive features. 指具有“位”的语言单位，如音位，词位，是对语言规则的抽象描写，具有区别性特征，最早用于音位描写。

Endocentric (construction)/ Exocentric (construction):

Exocentric (construction):

Function: the role language plays in communication or in particular social situation.  功能，语言在交际(e.g. to express ideas, attitudes)或特定的社会情境(e.g. religious, legal 宗教法律场合)中所起的作用。

Fixed reference: each signal is fixed as relating to a particular object or occasion.

 

General linguistics: the study of language as a whole. 把语言的各个分支当做整体来研究。

Glossogenetics: focuse the study of the origins of human language mainly on the biological basis of the formation and development of human language. 言语遗传学

Grammatical relation: the structural and logical relations of constituents

 

 

Interchangeability: any human being can both be a producer and receiver of messages. 互换性，人可是是信息的发送者，也可以是信息的接收者。

同 (reciprocity): any speaker/sender of a linguistic signal can also be a listener/receiver.

Interactional function/(transactional function): language is used to interact with each other, socially or emotionally.

Informative/ communicative: unintentional communication

Ideational function(Halliday): the function to convey new information or to convey a content that is unknown to the hearer. 概念功能，语言具有表达新的信息或给听话者传递一定未知内容的功能。

Informative function: (ideational function, 功能语法框架中) language serves for the expression_r of content. 语言为表达内容服务。

Interpersonal function(Halliday): the function of language to express social and personal relations. 说话者能运用语言表达社会与个人的关系。

Interpersonal function: the function which make people establish and maintain their status in society. 人际功能，人们通过它建立和维持在社会中的地位。 不要与寒暄功能搞混。

 

 

Langue/ parole: the abstract linguistic system shared by all the member of a “speech community” 语言，一个“语言社团”共有的抽象的语言系统。

Linguistics: the scientific study of language. 语言学，对语言的科学研究。

Linguistic potential: a wide range of things a speaker can do in the culture he is in. The set of possibility of “doing” is termed linguistic potential from a functional language’s view.语言潜势，韩礼德认为，通过语言说话者可以在其生活的文化环境里做一系列广泛的事情。从语言功能的角度看，“做”的可能性就被定义为语言潜势。

Language: a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用以口头交流的任意的符号系统

Morphology: it identifies the smallest meaning units (morpheme) in a language and looks into the ways the morphemes are arranged to form words.形态学，涉及语言的内部组织，它研究意义的最小单位-语素合成词的过程。

Metalinguage: a language used for talking about language. 元语言，用来讨论语言的语言。

Metalingual (metalinguistic) function: the function of language that can be used to talk about language itself. 元语言功能，指语言可用来讨论语言本身的功能。

Macrolinguistics: the interdisciplinary study of language. 宏观语言学，指跨学科语言研究。

 

Natural response theory: theory that language originated from ….  语言先天反射理论，人类从外界得到感受，自然会发出相应的声音反应或与环境的协调，如钟一敲就发出叮咚声。

Neurolinguistics: the study of relationship between language and the brain.. 神经语言学

Non-directionality: linguistic signals can be picked up by anyone within hearing, even 

 

 

Onomatopoeia: the imitation of natural sounds in word form

Open-endedness= Productivity=creativity

Object:

 

Parole/ Langue: the realization of langue in actual use. /  the concrete utterances of a speaker. 语言，说话人实际说的话。

Prescriptive/ Descriptive: to make authoritarian statement about the correct use of language. 规定式，对语言正确用法的权威性规定。

The study of linguistics to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language.

Phonetics: the study of how speech sounds are produced, transmitted and perceived. 语音学，研究语音的发生，传递和感知。

Phonology: the study of the sound patterns and systems of language which aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur. 音系学，对语音模式和语音系统的研究，其目的是发现语言中支配语音组合方式的规律，并解释语音中出现变化的原因。

Phonology structural: 音位结构

Pragmatics: the study of meaning in context.  在语境中研究意义。

Productivity=creativity, open-endedness: language-uses can manipulate their linguistic resources to produce new expression_rs and new sentences.

Performance / competence: the language actually used by people in speaking or writing. 语言运用，人们在说话或写作中实际运用的语言。

Performative function: language is to change the social status of persons and can also extend to the control of reality as on some magical or religious occasions. 施为功能，语言的施为功能主要是为了改变人的社会地位（如在婚礼，判刑，为孩子祈福，诅咒敌人等），也可以延伸到一些特殊的或宗教的场合，对事物进行支配。有点不清楚。。。

“pooh-pooh” theory: theory that original language sound came from natural cries of emotion,such as pain, anger and joy. “噗噗”理论，语言起源于人类表达情感的感叹词(interjection)。

Phatic function: refers to expression_rs that help define and maintain interpersonal relations. 寒暄功能，指有助于说明、维持人际关系的表达。 与人际功能不要弄混

Phatic communion: talk used to establish atmosphere or maintain social contact.  寒暄，用来创造气氛或保持社会联系的谈话。（不是为了传递信息 not to seek or convey information.）refer to social interaction of language.

Perceptual phonetics=acoustic phonetics

Psycholinguistics: the study of interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing of utterance and in language acquisition for example.心理语言学，研究语言与意识的相互联系，如话语的处理和产生，语言的习得等。

Positional relation=word order: refers to the sequential arrangement of words in language. 位置关系，词序，指语言中词汇的顺序排列。

Paradigmatic relations / vertical relations / Choice relation / Associative relation /:

 

 

 

 

 

Reciprocity: any speaker/sender of a linguistic signal can also be a listener/receiver. 互换性

同  interchangeability

Recreational function: the use of language for the sheer joy. 娱乐功能，语言因为纯粹的乐趣而得到使用。如婴儿学语，歌者唱歌。

Rapid fade: linguistic signals are produced and disappear quickly.

 

Semantics: it examines how meaning is encoded in a language. 考察意义如何在语言中编码的。

Syntax: it studies the rules that gover the combination of words into sentences.研究形成句子的规则。

Sociolinguistics: it studies the relation between language and society. 社会语言学，研究语言与社会的关系。（社会因素是如何影响语言的结构和用法的）

Synchronic/ diachronic: a way that studies language at some point of time. 共时的，在某一时间点研究语言的方法。(Synchronic linguistics)

(Synchronic study: the description of a language at some point of time)

“Sing-song” theory: theory that language originated from primitive ritual songs of praise. “sing-song”理论，语言起源于人在举行典礼时有节奏的歌唱。

Specialization: linguistic signals don’t normally serve any other type of purpose, such as breathing or feeding. 专业性

Speech organs=vocal organs: those parts of body involved in the production of speech.发音器官: 人体参与语音发生的部分

Syntactic categories: apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic categories usually refers to a word or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.

Surface structure:

Syntagmatic relations=horizontal relation=chain relation:

Syntactic function: it shows the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it was used. 句法功能，体现了语言形式和语言模式其他部分之间的关系，语音形式是在语言模式中运用的

 

“Ta-Ta” theory: theory that language originated from an unconscious vocal imitation of body movements. “Ta-Ta”理论，语言是人类无意识模仿肢体运动时产生(人类肢体运动先于语言产生)。

即 (the oral-gesture source： 口语-手势相关说)

Textual function: language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text. 语篇功能，语言里存在一种机制将口头或书面上的话语组织成连贯统一的语篇。

Transactional function/(interactional function): humans use their linguistic ability to communicate knowledge, skills and information.

 

 

Vocal-auditory channel: human linguistic communication is typically generated via the vocal organs and perceived via the ears. The channel is called….

Vertical relations=Choice relation=Associative relation=Paradigmatic relations :

 

Word order=positional relation

 

“yo-he-ho” theory: theory that the sound of a person involved in physical effort could be the source of our language, especially when that the physical effort involved several people and had to be coordinated. “哟-嗬-哟”理论，语言起源于人们劳动时发出的哟嗬声。