What ISIS Really Wants?
ISIS到底要什么?
原载美国《大西洋月刊》
作者: Graeme Wood 格雷米·伍德
The Islamic State is no mere collection of psychopaths. It is a religious group with carefully considered beliefs, among them that it is a key agent of the coming apocalypse. Here’s what that means for its strategy—and for how to stop it.
伊斯兰国并不仅仅是一群疯子聚在一起。它是一个宗教团体,有深思熟虑的信仰,其中之一就是认为自己是末日决战的关键力量。以下讨论其战略意图,以及阻止它的方法。
What is the Islamic State?
什么是伊斯兰国?
Where did it come from, and what are its intentions? The simplicity of these questions can be deceiving, and few Western leaders seem to know the answers. In December, The New York Times published confidential comments by Major General Michael K. Nagata, the Special Operations commander for the United States in the Middle East, admitting that he had hardly begun figuring out the Islamic State’s appeal. “We have not defeated the idea,” he said. “We do not even understand the idea.” In the past year, President Obama has referred to the Islamic State, variously, as “not Islamic” and as al-Qaeda’s “jayvee team,” statements that reflected confusion about the group, and may have contributed to significant strategic errors.
它来自何方?目的何在?这些问题看似简单,却容易让人误入歧途,而且似乎没几个西方领导人知道答案。12月,《纽约时报》公布了美国驻中东特别行动司令麦克·中田少将的一些言论,其中承认他也是才刚刚开始思考伊斯兰国的诉求。他说:“我们并没有击败他们的意识形态,甚至都不了解他们的意识形态。”过去几年,奥巴马总统在不同场合曾指伊斯兰国“不是伊斯兰”,只是基地组织的“初级预备队”。这种说法把对该组织的混乱认识表露无遗,而且可能已经导致重大的战略错误。
The group seized Mosul, Iraq, last June, and already rules an area larger than the United Kingdom. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi has been its leader since May 2010, but until last summer, his most recent known appearance on film was a grainy mug shot from a stay in U.S. captivity at Camp Bucca during the occupation of Iraq. Then, on July 5 of last year, he stepped into the pulpit of the Great Mosque of al-Nuri in Mosul, to deliver a Ramadan sermon as the first caliph in generations—upgrading his resolution from grainy to high-definition, and his position from hunted guerrilla to commander of all Muslims. The inflow of jihadists that followed, from around the world, was unprecedented in its pace and volume, and is continuing.
去年6月,他们占领了伊拉克的摩苏尔,目前控制的地区比英国都大。阿布·巴克尔·巴格达迪从2010年5月起一直担任该组织的领袖,但他去年夏天以前的最新影像资料不过是美军占领伊拉克时被羁押在布卡集中营中的一段模模糊糊的视频而已。然后,到去年7月5日,他登上摩苏尔努里大清真寺的讲坛,以首任哈里发的身份进行斋月布道,影像质量一下子从模模糊糊飞跃到高清,身份也从被追捕的游击队员变成全体穆斯林的领袖。此后从全世界纷至沓来的圣战斗士从速度和规模上都前所未有,而且还在继续。
Our ignorance of the Islamic State is in some ways understandable: It is a hermit kingdom; few have gone there and returned. Baghdadi has spoken on camera only once. But his address, and the Islamic State’s countless other propaganda videos and encyclicals, are online, and the caliphate’s supporters have toiled mightily to make their project knowable. We can gather that their state rejects peace as a matter of principle; that it hungers for genocide; that its religious views make it constitutionally incapable of certain types of change, even if that change might ensure its survival; and that it considers itself a harbinger of—and headline player in—the imminent end of the world.
我们对于伊斯兰国的无知从某种程度上来说是有道理的。它是一个隐修士的王国,去往那里的人很少回来。巴格达迪也仅仅面对镜头演讲过一次。但他的演讲,以及伊斯兰国其他无数宣传影片和通告,都发布在网上。伊斯兰国的支持者坚持不懈地让世人明白他们的所作所为。我们从中可以了解,这个国家原则上拒绝和平,渴望种族屠杀,它的宗教观点使它从根本上无法进行某些变革,即使这种变革能确保其生存;它认为自己是即将到来的世界末日的预言者,而且也是首要参与者。
The Islamic State, also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS), follows a distinctive variety of Islam whose beliefs about the path to the Day of Judgment matter to its strategy, and can help the West know its enemy and predict its behavior. Its rise to power is less like the triumph of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (a group whose leaders the Islamic State considers apostates) than like the realization of a dystopian alternate reality in which David Koresh or Jim Jones survived to wield absolute power over not just a few hundred people, but some 8 million.
伊斯兰国又称伊拉克及阿尔沙姆伊斯兰国(ISIS),它遵循的是一种独特的伊斯兰教派,它对通往最终审判之路的信念影响着它的战略,也可以帮助西方了解它的敌人,以及预测它的行为。它的崛起与埃及穆斯林兄弟会(伊斯兰国将穆兄会的领袖视为叛徒)的成功不同,而更像大卫·考雷什或吉姆·琼斯之类的反乌托邦主义再世,不过它以绝对权力统治的不是几百个人,而是八百万人。
We have misunderstood the nature of the Islamic State in at least two ways. First, we tend to see jihadism as monolithic, and to apply the logic of al‑Qaeda to an organization that has decisively eclipsed it. The Islamic State supporters I spoke with still refer to Osama bin Laden as “Sheikh Osama,” a title of honor. But jihadism has evolved since al-Qaeda’s heyday, from about 1998 to 2003, and many jihadists disdain the group’s priorities and current leadership.
我们至少在两个方面误解了伊斯兰国的性质。首先,我们倾向于认为圣战运动只有一种类型,所以把基地组织的逻辑也套用在这个已经远超基地的组织上。我接触过的伊斯兰国支持者依然尊称奥萨马·本·拉登为“奥萨马酋长”,但圣战斗士们已经从基地组织1998-2003年的全盛时期产生了变化,许多圣战斗士看不起基地组织目前的领导层,以及他们的战略部署。
Bin Laden viewed his terrorism as a prologue to a caliphate he did not expect to see in his lifetime. His organization was flexible, operating as a geographically diffuse network of autonomous cells. The Islamic State, by contrast, requires territory to remain legitimate, and a top-down structure to rule it. (Its bureaucracy is divided into civil and military arms, and its territory into provinces.)
本·拉登把自己的恐怖活动视为建立哈里发国家的前奏,而且认为在自己的有生之年看不到这个国家。他的组织灵活性强,由分散在各地联成网络的自治小组构成。而伊斯兰国要求拥有疆域维持其合法性,统治国家的是一个至上而下的结构。(它的行政机构分为行政和军事两部分,疆域也分为不同省份。)
We are misled in a second way, by a well-intentioned but dishonest campaign to deny the Islamic State’s medieval religious nature. Peter Bergen, who produced the first interview with bin Laden in 1997, titled his first book Holy War, Inc. in part to acknowledge bin Laden as a creature of the modern secular world. Bin Laden corporatized terror and franchised it out. He requested specific political concessions, such as the withdrawal of U.S. forces from Saudi Arabia. His foot soldiers navigated the modern world confidently. On Mohammad Atta’s last full day of life, he shopped at Walmart and ate dinner at Pizza Hut.
其次,我们被好心但不诚实的宣传误导了,这种宣传否认伊斯兰国的中世纪宗教性质。曾在1997年首次采访本·拉登的彼得·伯尔根,在其名为《圣战合股公司》的第一本著作中有意无意地把本·拉登当做现代世俗社会的成员。本·拉登把恐怖活动公司化,并对外发放许可。他要求特定的政治让步,比如美国军队撤出沙特阿拉伯。他的士兵在全世界自信地游荡。默罕默德·阿塔在其生命的最后一天还在沃尔玛购物,在必胜客晚餐。
Nearly all the Islamic State’s decisions adhere to what it calls, on its billboards, license plates, and coins, “the Prophetic methodology.”
几乎所有伊斯兰国的决策都遵循它自己声称的,被广泛公布在其宣传板、车牌和硬币上的“先知方式”。
There is a temptation to rehearse this observation—that jihadists are modern secular people, with modern political concerns, wearing medieval religious disguise—and make it fit the Islamic State. In fact, much of what the group does looks nonsensical except in light of a sincere, carefully considered commitment to returning civilization to a seventh-century legal environment, and ultimately to bringing about the apocalypse.
人们总是不由自主地产生这种印象 —— 圣战斗士都是现代人,有现代政治观念,只不过穿着中世纪宗教的外衣——然后把这种印象套在伊斯兰国身上。实际上,除非从虔诚地、千方百计地把世界文明拖回7世纪的法律氛围并最终引发末日决战的角度理解,否则这个组织的大部分行为看起来都是荒谬的。
The most-articulate spokesmen for that position are the Islamic State’s officials and supporters themselves. They refer derisively to “moderns.” In conversation, they insist that they will not—cannot—waver from governing precepts that were embedded in Islam by the Prophet Muhammad and his earliest followers. They often speak in codes and allusions that sound odd or old-fashioned to non-Muslims, but refer to specific traditions and texts of early Islam.
能明确说明这一点的是伊斯兰国的官员和支持者自己。他们对“现代”嗤之以鼻。在言论中他们坚持他们不会,也不能,对先知穆罕默德及其早期追随者们写在伊斯兰教中的执政戒律有任何偏离。他们经常提到的条文和典故对非穆斯林来说十分奇怪或者老套,但都与早期伊斯兰教的传统和经文有关。
To take one example: In September, Sheikh Abu Muhammad al-Adnani, the Islamic State’s chief spokesman, called on Muslims in Western countries such as France and Canada to find an infidel and “smash his head with a rock,” poison him, run him over with a car, or “destroy his crops.” To Western ears, the biblical-sounding punishments—the stoning and crop destruction—juxtaposed strangely with his more modern-sounding call to vehicular homicide. (As if to show that he could terrorize by imagery alone, Adnani also referred to Secretary of State John Kerry as an “uncircumcised geezer.”)
举例来说,9月份,伊斯兰国的首席发言人阿布·穆罕默德·阿德纳尼酋长号召法国加拿大等西方国家的穆斯林找到不信道者,并把他们“用石头砸碎脑袋”、毒死、用车撞死、或者“毁坏他们的庄稼”。在西方人听来,这些犹如圣经中的古老惩罚方式,比如石刑和毁坏庄稼,与更现代的汽车谋杀并列在一起,十分奇怪。(阿德纳尼还把国务卿约翰·克里称为“没切包皮的老头”,好像他仅仅通过形象比喻就能吓唬人一样。)
But Adnani was not merely talking trash. His speech was laced with theological and legal discussion, and his exhortation to attack crops directly echoed orders from Muhammad to leave well water and crops alone—unless the armies of Islam were in a defensive position, in which case Muslims in the lands of kuffar, or infidels, should be unmerciful, and poison away.
但阿德纳尼并不是在胡言乱语。他的言论带有神学和法律的含义。他提及的毁坏庄稼直接来自穆罕默德不要伤及井水和庄稼的命令 —— 除非伊斯兰部队处于防守态势,也就是说,穆斯林在卡费勒,也就是不信道者的土地上,此时应该毫不留情,毒杀一切。
The reality is that the Islamic State is Islamic. Very Islamic. Yes, it has attracted psychopaths and adventure seekers, drawn largely from the disaffected populations of the Middle East and Europe. But the religion preached by its most ardent followers derives from coherent and even learned interpretations of Islam.
实际状况是,伊斯兰国是伊斯兰,是地地道道的伊斯兰。是的,它吸引了一些疯子,也吸引了一些机会主义者,他们大都来自中东和欧洲未受波及的地区。但它最忠实的追随者所宣扬的教义,源自对伊斯兰最直接甚至是最深刻的解读。
Virtually every major decision and law promulgated by the Islamic State adheres to what it calls, in its press and pronouncements, and on its billboards, license plates, stationery, and coins, “the Prophetic methodology,” which means following the prophecy and example of Muhammad, in punctilious detail. Muslims can reject the Islamic State; nearly all do. But pretending that it isn’t actually a religious, millenarian group, with theology that must be understood to be combatted, has already led the United States to underestimate it and back foolish schemes to counter it. We’ll need to get acquainted with the Islamic State’s intellectual genealogy if we are to react in a way that will not strengthen it, but instead help it self-immolate in its own excessive zeal.
实际上伊斯兰国制定的所有主要决策和法律,都遵循它自己声称的,被广泛公布在其宣传板、车牌、文具和硬币上的“先知方式”,即事无巨细,都遵循先知穆罕默德的教诲,或者其实际行为。穆斯林可以不接受伊斯兰国,事实上绝大多数穆斯林也的确不接受,但假装说这不是宗教性的、千年至福性的团体,不需要了解其神学特性并与之斗争,已经使美国低估了该组织,制定出的对付该组织的策略也十分愚蠢。我们必须了解伊斯兰国的知识传承,才能够削弱它,并让它因为自己的极端狂热而自我毁灭。
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Control of territory is an essential precondition for the Islamic State’s authority in the eyes of its supporters. This map, adapted from the work of the Institute for the Study of War, shows the territory under the caliphate’s control as of January 15, along with areas it has attacked. Where it holds power, the state collects taxes, regulates prices, operates courts, and administers services ranging from health care and education to telecommunications.
在支持者看来,对疆土的控制是伊斯兰国权威性的前提条件。这幅地图采自战争研究学院,显示的是截止1月15日哈里发国控制的疆域,还有它正在进攻的地域。在它统治的地区,伊斯兰国征收捐税、控制价格、设立法庭,并提供从医疗保健到教育通讯的各种服务。
I. Devotion
一、虔诚
In November, the Islamic State released an infomercial-like video tracing its origins to bin Laden. It acknowledged Abu Musa’b al Zarqawi, the brutal head of al‑Qaeda in Iraq from roughly 2003 until his killing in 2006, as a more immediate progenitor, followed sequentially by two other guerrilla leaders before Baghdadi, the caliph. Notably unmentioned: bin Laden’s successor, Ayman al Zawahiri, the owlish Egyptian eye surgeon who currently heads al‑Qaeda. Zawahiri has not pledged allegiance to Baghdadi, and he is increasingly hated by his fellow jihadists. His isolation is not helped by his lack of charisma; in videos he comes across as squinty and annoyed. But the split between al-Qaeda and the Islamic State has been long in the making, and begins to explain, at least in part, the outsize bloodlust of the latter.
去年11月,伊斯兰国公布了一段广告视频,把自己的源头追溯到本·拉登。它还把伊拉克基地组织2003到2006年的凶残领袖阿布·穆萨·阿尔·扎卡维作为自己排在拉登之后的前辈,然后更近些的是另外两个游击战领袖,然后就是巴格达迪,现任哈里发。值得注意的是,视频并没有提到本·拉登的继承人,不苟言笑的埃及眼科大夫,基地组织现任领袖艾曼·扎瓦希里。扎瓦希里并未对巴格达迪效忠,圣战斗士们也对他日渐疏远。他被孤立并不只是因为缺乏人格魅力,比如在一些视频片段中他显得有些斜眼而且烦躁。但基地组织和伊斯兰国的分裂由来已久,而且可以从某个角度说明后者为何嗜血如狂。
Zawahiri’s companion in isolation is a Jordanian cleric named Abu Muhammad al Maqdisi, 55, who has a fair claim to being al-Qaeda’s intellectual architect and the most important jihadist unknown to the average American newspaper reader. On most matters of doctrine, Maqdisi and the Islamic State agree. Both are closely identified with the jihadist wing of a branch of Sunnism called Salafism, after the Arabic al salaf al salih, the “pious forefathers.” These forefathers are the Prophet himself and his earliest adherents, whom Salafis honor and emulate as the models for all behavior, including warfare, couture, family life, even dentistry.
与扎瓦希里一同被孤立的还有一名叫阿布·穆罕默德·阿尔·马克迪斯的55岁的约旦神学家。一般相信他是基地组织的理论奠基人,也是一般美国读者不大熟悉的关键圣战斗士。在绝大多数教义上马克迪斯和伊斯兰国并没有分歧。双方都属于一个叫萨拉非的逊尼教派的圣战分支。所谓萨拉非,源自阿拉伯语“阿尔·萨拉夫·阿尔·萨利赫”,即“虔诚的先驱们”。这些先驱指的是先知本人以及他最早的追随者。萨拉非教派尊崇并效仿他们作为一切行为的模范,包括战争、服装、家庭生活,甚至牙齿健康。
The Islamic State awaits the army of “Rome,” whose defeat at Dabiq, Syria, will initiate the countdown to the apocalypse.
伊斯兰国期待着“罗马”大军的到来,并在叙利亚的大比丘击败他们,这将开启最后的末日决战。
Maqdisi taught Zarqawi, who went to war in Iraq with the older man’s advice in mind. In time, though, Zarqawi surpassed his mentor in fanaticism, and eventually earned his rebuke. At issue was Zarqawi’s penchant for bloody spectacle—and, as a matter of doctrine, his hatred of other Muslims, to the point of excommunicating and killing them. In Islam, the practice of takfir, or excommunication, is theologically perilous. “If a man says to his brother, ‘You are an infidel,’ ” the Prophet said, “then one of them is right.” If the accuser is wrong, he himself has committed apostasy by making a false accusation. The punishment for apostasy is death. And yet Zarqawi heedlessly expanded the range of behavior that could make Muslims infidels.
马克迪斯是扎卡维的导师。扎卡维是带着导师的教诲奔赴伊拉克战斗前线的。随着时间的推移,扎卡维变得比导师更加狂热,最终遭到导师的指责。问题关键在于扎卡维过于嗜血如狂——作为原则问题,他对其他穆斯林过于仇恨,甚至要将他们逐出伊斯兰教并杀死他们。在伊斯兰中,实行塔克菲尔,即将人逐出伊斯兰教,从教义上来说是邪恶的。先知曾说:“如果一个人对他的兄弟说:‘你是不信道者’,二者必伤其一。”如果指称者错了,那他就会因妄断而成为叛教者。叛教的惩罚是死刑。尽管如此,扎卡维还是毫无必要地将可以指称穆斯林为不信道者的行为范围扩大了。
Maqdisi wrote to his former pupil that he needed to exercise caution and “not issue sweeping proclamations of takfir” or “proclaim people to be apostates because of their sins.” The distinction between apostate and sinner may appear subtle, but it is a key point of contention between al-Qaeda and the Islamic State.
马克迪斯写信给这位以前的学生,告诫他要谨慎行事,并且“不要不分青红皂白地实行塔克菲尔”,也不要“宣称他人因为罪过就成为叛教者。”叛教者和罪人的差别也许比较微妙,但这是基地组织和伊斯兰国的根本分歧所在。
Denying the holiness of the Koran or the prophecies of Muhammad is straightforward apostasy. But Zarqawi and the state he spawned take the position that many other acts can remove a Muslim from Islam. These include, in certain cases, selling alcohol or drugs, wearing Western clothes or shaving one’s beard, voting in an election—even for a Muslim candidate—and being lax about calling other people apostates. Being a Shiite, as most Iraqi Arabs are, meets the standard as well, because the Islamic State regards Shiism as innovation, and to innovate on the Koran is to deny its initial perfection. (The Islamic State claims that common Shiite practices, such as worship at the graves of imams and public self-flagellation, have no basis in the Koran or in the example of the Prophet.) That means roughly 200 million Shia are marked for death. So too are the heads of state of every Muslim country, who have elevated man-made law above Sharia by running for office or enforcing laws not made by God.
否认古兰经的神圣性和穆罕默德是先知毫无疑问是叛教行为。但扎卡维以及由他衍生的伊斯兰国认为还有许多其他行为可以将一个穆斯林逐出伊斯兰。这些行为在某些情况下包括,贩卖酒类和毒品、穿着西式服装、不蓄须、在选举中投票(即使是投给穆斯林候选人)、对叛教者宽松。伊拉克人口的大多数属于什叶派,而什叶派也符合这个标准,因为伊斯兰国认为什叶派篡改经书,而篡改古兰经就是否认其原始的完美性。(伊斯兰国宣称一些通行的什叶派教规,比如崇拜伊玛目陵墓和在公众场合自我鞭笞,在古兰经中都没有记载,也不是先知的行为。)这意味着大约200万的什叶派教徒都应该被处死。同样应该被处死的还有所有穆斯林国家的元首,因为他们要么曾竞逐职位,要么曾施行那些非由真主订立的法律,等于是把人为制定的法律凌驾于沙利亚法之上。
Following takfiri doctrine, the Islamic State is committed to purifying the world by killing vast numbers of people. The lack of objective reporting from its territory makes the true extent of the slaughter unknowable, but social-media posts from the region suggest that individual executions happen more or less continually, and mass executions every few weeks. Muslim “apostates” are the most common victims. Exempted from automatic execution, it appears, are Christians who do not resist their new government. Baghdadi permits them to live, as long as they pay a special tax, known as the jizya, and acknowledge their subjugation. The Koranic authority for this practice is not in dispute.
根据塔克菲尔原则,伊斯兰国必须净化世界,要杀一大批人。由于缺乏来自其统治区的客观报道,外界无法了解这种屠杀的规模,但该地区社交媒体的帖子显示处决的个案此起彼伏,而且每过几个星期,就有大规模处决的案例。穆斯林“叛教者”是最常见的受害者。但似乎不反抗新政府的基督徒倒能避过处决。巴格达迪允许他们苟活,只要他们缴纳一种称为吉兹亚的特别税,以表示自己的顺从。古兰经无可辩驳地允许这种做法。
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Musa Cerantonio, an Australian preacher reported to be one of the Islamic State’s most influential recruiters, believes it is foretold that the caliphate will sack Istanbul before it is beaten back by an army led by the anti-Messiah, whose eventual death— when just a few thousand jihadists remain—will usher in the apocalypse. (Paul Jeffers/Fairfax Media)
穆萨·塞蓝托尼奥,澳大利亚籍阿訇,据报是伊斯兰国最有影响力的招募者。他相信曾有预言,哈里发国将攻占伊斯坦布尔,然后被反对救世主的人领导的军队击败。而这位反对救世主的人最终也将死去,此时已经仅有数千圣战者幸存,这将引发最终决战。(保罗·杰菲尔斯/费尔法克斯通讯社)
Centuries have passed since the wars of religion ceased in Europe, and since men stopped dying in large numbers because of arcane theological disputes. Hence, perhaps, the incredulity and denial with which Westerners have greeted news of the theology and practices of the Islamic State. Many refuse to believe that this group is as devout as it claims to be, or as backward-looking or apocalyptic as its actions and statements suggest.Their skepticism is comprehensible. In the past, Westerners who accused Muslims of blindly following ancient scriptures came to deserved grief from academics—notably the late Edward Said—who pointed out that calling Muslims “ancient” was usually just another way to denigrate them. Look instead, these scholars urged, to the conditions in which these ideologies arose—the bad governance, the shifting social mores, the humiliation of living in lands valued only for their oil.
欧洲大地的宗教战争已经过去了几个世纪。从那以后,人类也不再因为晦涩难懂的神学争论而大规模死亡。也许正是因为如此,西方人才对伊斯兰国那些神学和教规方面的消息表示无法理解和不可相信。许多人无法相信这个团体会像他们宣称得那么虔诚,也不相信他们会像他们的行动和宣言那样,观念如此落后,笃信末日决战。这些疑问都是可以理解的。过去,指责穆斯林盲目遵循经书的西方人都遭遇到学界的质疑,其中比较有名的是已故的爱德华·赛义德。他指出说穆斯林“古老”通常是诋毁污蔑他们的另一种方式。这些学者敦促大家关注产生这些意识形态的环境,比如行政恶劣、社会道德没落、在那片土地上仅仅追逐石油而漠视生命。
Without acknowledgment of these factors, no explanation of the rise of the Islamic State could be complete. But focusing on them to the exclusion of ideology reflects another kind of Western bias: that if religious ideology doesn’t matter much in Washington or Berlin, surely it must be equally irrelevant in Raqqa or Mosul. When a masked executioner says Allahu akbar while beheading an apostate, sometimes he’s doing so for religious reasons.Many mainstream Muslim organizations have gone so far as to say the Islamic State is, in fact, un-Islamic. It is, of course, reassuring to know that the vast majority of Muslims have zero interest in replacing Hollywood movies with public executions as evening entertainment. But Muslims who call the Islamic State un-Islamic are typically, as the Princeton scholar Bernard Haykel, the leading expert on the group’s theology, told me, “embarrassed and politically correct, with a cotton-candy view of their own religion” that neglects “what their religion has historically and legally required.” Many denials of the Islamic State’s religious nature, he said, are rooted in an “interfaith-Christian-nonsense tradition.”
不考虑这些因素,任何对伊斯兰国崛起的解释都是不完整的。但仅仅关注这些而忽略意识形态又陷入另一种西方式的偏见,即:既然宗教对华盛顿和柏林无关紧要,那么对拉卡和摩苏尔肯定也是同样的无关紧要。当一个蒙面的行刑者喊着“阿拉胡阿克巴”斩首一个叛教者时,他的动机可能是出于宗教。许多主流穆斯林组织都在努力说明伊斯兰国实际上并非伊斯兰。知道绝大多数穆斯林都不希望晚间的娱乐节目从好莱坞大片换成公开处决录像当然是挺让人感到安慰的,但正如普林斯顿学者,研究伊斯兰国神学的专家伯纳德·海克尔告诉我的,那些说伊斯兰国不是伊斯兰的穆斯林都是典型地“感到不自在,而且希望政治正确,对待自己的宗教采取似是而非的态度。”这忽略了“他们的宗教在历史和教法上的要求。”许多对伊斯兰国宗教属性的否认,他说,都是源于“不同信仰间基督教别废话的传统”。
Every academic I asked about the Islamic State’s ideology sent me to Haykel. Of partial Lebanese descent, Haykel grew up in Lebanon and the United States, and when he talks through his Mephistophelian goatee, there is a hint of an unplaceable foreign accent.
关于伊斯兰国意识形态,我请教过的每个学者都把我引见给海克尔。他有黎巴嫩血统,小时候在黎巴嫩和美国都生活过,从他那诱人的山羊胡子间发出的话语,还带着一丝难以察觉的外国口音。
According to Haykel, the ranks of the Islamic State are deeply infused with religious vigor. Koranic quotations are ubiquitous. “Even the foot soldiers spout this stuff constantly,” Haykel said. “They mug for their cameras and repeat their basic doctrines in formulaic fashion, and they do it all the time.” He regards the claim that the Islamic State has distorted the texts of Islam as preposterous, sustainable only through willful ignorance. “People want to absolve Islam,” he said. “It’s this ‘Islam is a religion of peace’ mantra. As if there is such a thing as ‘Islam’! It’s what Muslims do, and how they interpret their texts.” Those texts are shared by all Sunni Muslims, not just the Islamic State. “And these guys have just as much legitimacy as anyone else.”
海克尔认为,伊斯兰国各阶层都融入了宗教的活力,随处可见对古兰经的引用。“甚至步兵都经常爆出几句,”他说。“他们一边在镜头前摆姿势,一边机械地重复基本的教义,无时无刻不这么做。”他认为那种伊斯兰国已经扭曲了伊斯兰经文的说法是荒谬的,只有刻意的忽略才能让这种说法站得住脚。“人们希望为伊斯兰开脱,”他说。“就是那个‘伊斯兰是和平宗教’的咒语,好像还真有‘伊斯兰’这么回事儿似的!其实伊斯兰就是穆斯林的所作所为,以及他们对经文的演绎。”那些经文是所有逊尼派穆斯林共有的,并不是专属于伊斯兰国。“而这些家伙和其他人具备同样的合法性。”
All Muslims acknowledge that Muhammad’s earliest conquests were not tidy affairs, and that the laws of war passed down in the Koran and in the narrations of the Prophet’s rule were calibrated to fit a turbulent and violent time. In Haykel’s estimation, the fighters of the Islamic State are authentic throwbacks to early Islam and are faithfully reproducing its norms of war. This behavior includes a number of practices that modern Muslims tend to prefer not to acknowledge as integral to their sacred texts. “Slavery, crucifixion, and beheadings are not something that freakish [jihadists] are cherry-picking from the medieval tradition,” Haykel said. Islamic State fighters “are smack in the middle of the medieval tradition and are bringing it wholesale into the present day.”
所有穆斯林都知道穆罕默德早年的征战并不都是干干净净,古兰经及圣训中流传下来的战时律例是为动乱暴戾年代度身定做的。根据海克尔的推断,伊斯兰国的斗士们才是真正倒退到了早期的伊斯兰时代,而且是在忠实地再现战时的状况。这里面包括一些现代穆斯林已不再视作属于神圣经文的做法。海克尔说:“那些变态(的圣战斗士)并不是特地从中世纪的传统中挑选了奴隶制、钉十字架、斩首,”伊斯兰国的斗士们“身陷中世纪传统之中,并把它整个带进了现代社会。”
Our failure to appreciate the essential differences between ISIS and al-Qaeda has led to dangerous decisions.
未能分清ISIS和基地组织的根本区别已经导致了危险的决策
The Koran specifies crucifixion as one of the only punishments permitted for enemies of Islam. The tax on Christians finds clear endorsement in the Surah Al-Tawba, the Koran’s ninth chapter, which instructs Muslims to fight Christians and Jews “until they pay the jizya with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.” The Prophet, whom all Muslims consider exemplary, imposed these rules and owned slaves.
古兰经钉十字架是允许对伊斯兰的敌人施行的少数几种惩罚之一。在古兰经第九章忏悔中,明确允许对基督徒征税,并教导穆斯林讨伐基督徒和犹太教徒,“直到他们顺从地缴纳吉兹亚税,并真心臣服。”被所有穆斯林奉为榜样的先知,践行了这些规则,而且也曾蓄奴。
Leaders of the Islamic State have taken emulation of Muhammad as strict duty, and have revived traditions that have been dormant for hundreds of years. “What’s striking about them is not just the literalism, but also the seriousness with which they read these texts,” Haykel said. “There is an assiduous, obsessive seriousness that Muslims don’t normally have.”
伊斯兰国的领袖们把效仿穆罕默德严格作为自己的职责,并恢复了一些沉寂了数百年的传统。“令人震惊的不只是他们对经文的执着,更是他们阅读经文的认真态度,”海克尔说,“这是一种普通穆斯林所不具备的不折不扣、近乎病态的认真态度。”
Before the rise of the Islamic State, no group in the past few centuries had attempted more-radical fidelity to the Prophetic model than the Wahhabis of 18th‑century Arabia. They conquered most of what is now Saudi Arabia, and their strict practices survive in a diluted version of Sharia there. Haykel sees an important distinction between the groups, though: “The Wahhabis were not wanton in their violence.” They were surrounded by Muslims, and they conquered lands that were already Islamic; this stayed their hand. “ISIS, by contrast, is really reliving the early period.” Early Muslims were surrounded by non-Muslims, and the Islamic State, because of its takfiri tendencies, considers itself to be in the same situation.
伊斯兰国兴起之前,在过去的几个世纪中,最忠实地遵从先知的是18世纪阿拉伯地区的瓦哈比教派。他们征服了今天沙特阿拉伯的大部地区,他们的严格教规今天还以一种稍微宽松的沙利亚法在当地实行着。海克尔认为这两者之间也有重大区别,虽然:“瓦哈比教派并不滥用暴力。”他们周围也是穆斯林,他们征服的区域本来也已伊斯兰化,没必要下重手。“ISIS却生活在更早的年代。”早期的穆斯林是被非穆斯林包围的,而伊斯兰国,由于其塔克菲尔倾向,认为自己处于同样的境地。
If al
Qaeda wanted to revive slavery, it never said so. And why would it? Silence on slavery probably reflected strategic thinking, with public sympathies in mind: when the Islamic State began enslaving people, even some of its supporters balked. Nonetheless, the caliphate has continued to embrace slavery and crucifixion without apology. “We will conquer your Rome, break your crosses, and enslave your women,” Adnani, the spokesman, promised in one of his periodic valentines to the West. “If we do not reach that time, then our children and grandchildren will reach it, and they will sell your sons as slaves at the slave market.”
即使基地组织想恢复奴隶制,它也从来没这么说过。干嘛要说呢?悄悄地蓄奴也许是一种战略思考,起码考虑到了公众情绪。当伊斯兰国开始公开蓄奴时,它的一些支持者都退缩了。尽管如此,哈里发国还是毫无愧疚地继续拥抱奴隶制,并施行钉十字架的刑罚。发言人阿德纳尼在一次例行的发布会上对西方叫嚣道:“我们将征服你们的罗马,打断你们的十字架,把你们的女人充为奴隶。如果我们见不到那天,我们的子孙将见到那天,他们会把你们的子孙在市场上卖作奴隶。”
In October, Dabiq, the magazine of the Islamic State, published “The Revival of Slavery Before the Hour,” an article that took up the question of whether Yazidis (the members of an ancient Kurdish sect that borrows elements of Islam, and had come under attack from Islamic State forces in northern Iraq) are lapsed Muslims, and therefore marked for death, or merely pagans and therefore fair game for enslavement. A study group of Islamic State scholars had convened, on government orders, to resolve this issue. If they are pagans, the article’s anonymous author wrote,
十月份的伊斯兰国杂志《大比丘》发表了一篇文章,名为《立即恢复奴隶制》,其中提出的问题是,雅兹迪人(一支古老的库尔德教派,曾借用一些伊斯兰的元素,在伊拉克北部遭受伊斯兰国的攻击)是犯了错的穆斯林,因而应该被处死,还是仅仅是异教徒,因而应该合理地被充作奴隶。伊斯兰国政府下令成立一个学者组成的研究小组来解决这个问题。如果他们是异教徒,这篇未署名的文章写道:
Yazidi women and children [are to be] divided according to the Shariah amongst the fighters of the Islamic State who participated in the Sinjar operations [in northern Iraq] … Enslaving the families of the kuffar [infidels] and taking their women as concubines is a firmly established aspect of the Shariah that if one were to deny or mock, he would be denying or mocking the verses of the Koran and the narrations of the Prophet … and thereby apostatizing from Islam.
雅兹迪女人和孩子(应该)根据沙利亚法分配给参加辛贾尔(伊拉克北部)行动的伊斯兰国战士……把卡费勒(不信道者)的家庭充奴,纳他们的女人为妾,都是沙利亚法中明确规定的。任何人如果否认或者怀疑这一点,就是否认和怀疑古兰经文以及圣训的教诲……因此就是伊斯兰的叛教者。
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