中国如何用廉价电动汽车淹没世界——以及为什么欧洲想要阻止它

中国如何能够提供比欧洲其他任何国家便宜得多的电动汽车？

作者：Sam D. Smith

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中国汽车制造商的股价最近下跌，此前有报道称欧盟委员会正在考虑打击充斥市场的廉价电动汽车。如果关税得以实现，可能会对中国的汽车出口推动产生可怕的后果，面对对MIC产品的需求下降，汽车的表现超过了大多数本地生产的产品。

海关数据显示，2023年前七个月，中国新能源汽车（包括混合动力车和电动汽车）运往欧盟的数量增长了112%，比2021年增长了惊人的361%。

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比亚迪在慕尼黑车展上的展台。图片来源：Baldauf/ten Brink for Carscoops

中国如何能够为世界——尤其是欧洲——提供这么多廉价电动汽车？嗯，首先，它归结为产能过剩。总部位于上海的咨询公司Automobility的首席执行官比尔·罗素（Bill Russo）认为，中国每年有一千万辆汽车的过剩产能。

供应过剩以及北京正在补贴电动汽车的事实导致欧盟委员会得出结论，中国电动汽车通常比同等欧盟制造的车型便宜五分之一。

据《汽车新闻》报道，到2021年，该国估计已支付约15亿美元的电动汽车激励措施，但补贴自2009年以来一直有效。然后，在 2023 年 5 月，中国宣布了对电动汽车和绿色汽车的更多税收减免。最新的一揽子计划总额为520亿元人民币（72亿美元），将在未来四年内支付。AlixPartners估计，中国在2016年至2022年期间在电动汽车和混合动力激励措施上花费了57亿美元。

相关：欧盟考虑征收关税以阻止中国电动汽车入侵并保护其汽车制造商https://www.carscoops.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Tesla-China-2-1024x650.jpgAnd Why Europe Wants To Stop It" TITLE="中国如何能够提供比欧洲其他任何国家便宜得多的电动汽车？" />

即使对西方来说，这种吸引力也很强劲，外国汽车制造商开设了多家汽车工厂。这包括特斯拉、宝马和雷诺等。与此同时，其他公司，如大众汽车最近与小鹏汽车的交易，已经采取了自己的措施来确保生产本地定制车型。

无论哪种方式，在中国运营的汽车制造商无疑都受益于其本土补贴。全球最大的电池制造商是中国的宁德时代，而比亚迪已经击败大众汽车成为国内最畅销的汽车品牌。

在出口方面，欧洲被视为中国汽车制造商的关键增长市场。欧盟严格的排放法规和拟议的内燃机汽车销售禁令使电动汽车更容易销售。由于特朗普时代的关税限制了中国原产汽车在美国销售的可行性，欧洲已成为事实上的贸易首选。

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Seres 5在慕尼黑车展上。图片来源：Baldauf/ten Brink for Carscoops

欧盟委员会似乎对欧盟被来自中国的电动汽车所淹没感到不满。尽管选择更便宜、更容易获得的新技术是提高采用率的有用工具，但领导者可能对保护自己的汽车行业更感兴趣。

上周，欧盟委员会宣布将启动一项调查，调查是否应该使用关税来对抗中国电动汽车的“人为压低”价格。判决将在未来13个月内作出。

“全球市场现在充斥着更便宜的电动汽车。他们的价格被巨额国家补贴人为地压低，“欧盟委员会主席乌尔苏拉·冯德莱恩告诉欧盟立法者。表现出担忧的不仅仅是官僚。Stellantis首席执行官卡洛斯·塔瓦雷斯（Carlos Tavares）等汽车行业资深人士也表达了类似的观点，他们对西方品牌能否与东方品牌竞争表示怀疑。

相关：你会在乎你的车是否在中国制造吗？

在特朗普总统入主白宫期间，中国的ICE和电动汽车被征收25%的关税 - 这一政策一直持续到今天。一些制造商，如吉利拥有的沃尔沃，能够抵消他们从美国工厂出口的车辆获得的信用额度。

但是，尽管来自中国的廉价汽车可能会威胁到本土市场，但欧盟必须警惕北京的任何报复。据路透社报道，中国商务部已经发出警告，称调查是“赤裸裸的保护主义行为，将严重扰乱和扭曲包括欧盟在内的全球汽车产业和供应链，并将对中欧经贸关系产生负面影响。

中国是许多欧洲品牌的大市场。因此，欧盟必须小心谨慎，以免西方汽车制造商陷入交火之中，尤其是宝马、雷诺和大众，它们在中国生产汽车出口到欧洲。

原文

How China Is Flooding The World With Cheap EVs — And Why Europe Wants To Stop It

Just how is China able to offer its EVs so much cheaper than anyone else in Europe?

by Sam D. Smith

6 hours ago

Shares in Chinese automakers slid recently following reports that the European Commission is considering a crackdown on cheap EVs that have been flooding the market. If the tariffs come to fruition, it could have dire consequences on China’s auto export push that has seen cars outperform most locally-produced items in the face of waning demand for MIC products.

Customs data shows that Chinese new energy vehicle shipments (which includes both hybrids and EVs) to the European Union increased by 112 percent in the first seven months of 2023 and a staggering 361 percent from 2021.

How China Beats Everyone On Price

The BYD stand at the Munich Motor Show. Photo credit: Baldauf/ten Brink for Carscoops

How is China able to offer the world — and Europe in particular — so many cheap EVs? Well, firstly, it comes down to overcapacity. Bill Russo, CEO of Shanghai-based advisory firm, Automobility, thinks China has an excess capacity of 10 million vehicles yearly.

The excess supply and the fact that Beijing is subsidizing EVs has led the European Commission to conclude that Chinese EVs are typically a fifth cheaper than the equivalent EU-made models.

Auto News reports that through 2021, the country is estimated to have paid in the region of $15 billion as EV incentives, but that subsidies have been in effect since 2009. Then, in June 2023, China revealed yet more tax breaks for EVs and green cars. The latest package totals 520 billion Yuan ($72 billion), which will be disbursed over the next four years. AlixPartners estimates that China spent $57 billion between 2016 and 2022 on EV and hybrid incentives.

Related: EU Considers Tariffs To Stop Chinese EV Invasion And Protect Its Automakers

The draw is strong, even for the West, with multiple car plants being opened by foreign automakers. This includes the likes of Tesla, BMW, and Renault. Meanwhile, others, such as Volkswagen’s recent deal with Xpeng, have taken their own steps to ensure the production of locally-tailored models.

Either way, automakers operating in China are undoubtedly benefiting from their homegrown subsidies. The world’s biggest battery maker is Chinese-based CATL, while BYD has beaten Volkswagen to become the best-selling domestic automotive brand.

In terms of exports, Europe has been seen as a key growth market for Chinese automakers. The EU’s strict emissions regulations and the proposed ban on the sale of ICE vehicles make electric an easier sell. With Trump-era tariffs restricting the viability of Chinese-origin car sales in the U.S., Europe has become the de facto go-to for trade.

Will Europe Borrow A Leaf From The U.S.?

Seres 5 at the Munich Auto Show. Photo credit: Baldauf/ten Brink for Carscoops

It would appear that the European Commission is not happy with having the bloc overrun with EVs from China. And despite the option of cheaper, more accessible new tech being a useful tool to drive up the rate of adoption, leaders may be more interested in protecting their own auto industry.

Last week, the European Commission announced that it would be launching an investigation into whether tariffs should be used to combat the “artificially low” prices of Chinese EVs. A verdict will be delivered within the next 13 months.

“Global markets are now flooded with cheaper electric cars. And their price is kept artificially low by huge state subsidies,” European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen told fellow EU lawmakers. And it’s not just bureaucrats that have shown concern. Senior car industry figures such as Stellantis CEO Carlos Tavares have expressed similar views, with doubts about the ability of Western brands taking on those from the East.

During President Trump’s time in the White House, Chinese ICE and EVs were hit with a 25 percent tariff — a policy that continues to this day. Some manufacturers, such as Geely-owned Volvo, are able to offset these against credits earned from vehicles they export from U.S.-based factories.

But while cheaper cars from China may threaten the home-grown market, the EU must be on guard against any retaliation from Beijing. Reuters reports that China’s Ministry of Commerce has already set off a warning flare, calling the investigation a “naked protectionist act that will seriously disrupt and distort the global automotive industry and supply chain, including the EU, and will have a negative impact on China-EU economic and trade relations.

China is a large market for many European brands. Therefore, the EU must be careful so as not to shoot itself in the foot by landing Western automakers in the crossfire — particularly BMW, Renault, and VW, which produce cars in China for export to Europe.