https://cdn.motor1.com/images/mgl/3WApl1/s3/tesla-model-y.jpg美国东部时间2023年7 月 27 日上午11： 04

作者：苏夫拉特·科塔里

电动汽车界普遍认为，制造商估计的范围、EPA 范围和实际范围之间可能存在明显的鸿沟。一项新的研究通过分析数千辆活跃特斯拉的数据证明了这些差异。

汽车交易和研究公司Recurrent Auto收集了超过12，000辆特斯拉的数据，以及360，000次充电周期以及几位特斯拉司机的反馈。它发现仪表组上显示的范围（在添加目的地之前）没有考虑温度和驾驶模式的影响。

在低于30华氏度的温度下，特斯拉Model Y的平均续航里程约为EPA估计的45%。在温暖的温度下，在70-90华氏度之间，范围有所改善，保留了EPA估计的60%以上。该数据基于3，332辆汽车。

来自Model S的数据产生了类似的结果。在较冷的温度下，电动轿车的续航里程损失超过50%，但在温暖的气候中，它保留了约60%的电量。

图片库：循环自动范围数据

在另一项测试中，Recurrent 联合创始人兼首席执行官斯科特·蔡斯 （Scott Chase） 发现，在明尼阿波利斯 6月至 9 月的温暖月份，他的 2021 年款 Model Y 的 EPA 续航里程为 326 英里的最大续航里程仅为 252 英里。在十二月和一月，最大航程分别低至188英里196英里。

如上图所示，仪表板估计值与观测范围之间的平均差距在雪佛兰Bolt EV上相对较低，但在福特野马Mach-e上则很高。

Chase在一份声明中说：“他们（电动汽车车主）知道他们的续航里程在冷热中下降，但他们在汽车的仪表板上看不到这一点。现实情况是，物理定律也适用于特斯拉——特斯拉与其他汽车制造商没有太大区别。

我们过去曾写过几位特斯拉车主的文章，他们分享了行驶一定里程后电池退化的细节。从他们的车辆是新车开始，他们似乎都没有经历过如此急剧的续航里程下降。

对于配备热泵和先进热管理的电动汽车来说，结果更好。正如总部位于奥斯汀的品牌今年早些时候所解释的那样，所有新的特斯拉都将热泵作为标准设备 - 该系统回收电池和电机产生的热量来加热机舱，优化充电速度并提高行驶里程。

Recurrent指出，EPA在温度受控的实验室中测试电动汽车，电动汽车的时速不超过60英里。测试周期还允许“制造商确定的调整”，这可能会提供不准确的结果。它补充说，特斯拉的车载系统只考虑设定目的地时的温度和驾驶条件。

世界各地的范围估计各不相同，但与欧洲的WLTP相比，美国的EPA测试周期被认为更接近准确，欧洲的WLTP的范围估计通常比EPA和中国的NEDC高22%，后者是三者中最过于乐观的，因为它的估计值比EPA高35%。

提醒一下，有几个因素决定了续航里程，而不仅仅是温度和驾驶模式：风速、海拔变化、地形、轮胎健康状况、电池寿命和退化以及充电模式也会影响您一次充电可以驾驶电动汽车的距离。

原文

Tesla’s Real-World And EPA Range Significantly Different: Recurrent Data

Data from thousands of Teslas shows the effect of varying temperatures on driving range.

Jul 27, 2023 at 11:04am ET

By: Suvrat Kothari

It’s fairly common knowledge among the electric vehicle community that there can be a notable gulf between the manufacturer-estimated range, EPA range, and real-world range. A new study proves these differences by analyzing data from thousands of active Teslas.

Recurrent Auto, a car trading and research company, collected data from over 12,000 Teslas, and 360,000 charging cycles along with feedback from several Tesla drivers. It found that the range displayed on the gauge cluster (before adding a destination) does not account for the impact of temperature and driving patterns.

In temperatures less than 30 degrees Fahrenheit, the Tesla Model Y had an average range of roughly 45 percent of the EPA estimate. In warmer temperatures, between 70-90F, the range improved, retaining over 60 percent of the EPA estimate. This data was based on 3,332 vehicles.

Data from the Model S generated similar results. In colder temperatures, the electric sedan lost over 50 percent range, but in warmer climates, it retained about 60 percent of the charge.

In a separate test, Recurrent co-founder and CEO Scott Chase found that the maximum range on his 2021 Model Y with an EPA range of 326 miles was only 252 miles during warm months between June and September, in Minneapolis. In December and January, the maximum range was as low as 188 miles, and 196 miles, respectively.

The average gap between the dashboard estimate and observed range appeared comparatively lower on the Chevrolet Bolt EV but high on the Ford Mustang Mach-e, as seen in the charts above.

In a statement, Chase said, “They (EV owners) know their range drops in the heat and cold, but they don’t see that on their car’s dashboard. The reality is that the laws of physics apply to Tesla, too – Tesla is not much different than other automakers.”

We've written about several Tesla owners in the past, who shared details of battery degradation after a certain number of miles driven. None of them seemed to have experienced such a drastic range drop from the time their vehicles were new. 

The results are better for EVs equipped with heat pumps and advanced thermal management. All new Teslas get the heat pump as standard equipment – the system recycles heat generated from the battery and motors to warm the cabin, optimize charging speeds, and improve driving range, as explained by the Austin-headquartered brand early this year.

Recurrent states that EPA tests EVs in a temperature-controlled laboratory, where EVs don’t exceed 60 miles per hour. The test cycle also allows for “manufacturer-determined adjustments,” which can provide inaccurate results. It adds that the onboard system in a Tesla only accounts for temperature and driving conditions when the destination is set.

Range estimates vary across the world, but the EPA test cycle in the US is considered closer to accurate compared to Europe’s WLTP, whose range estimates are generally 22 percent higher than EPA and China’s NEDC, which is the most overly optimistic among the three, as its estimates are 35 percent higher than EPA.

As a reminder, several factors dictate range, not just temperature and driving patterns: wind speed, elevation changes, terrain, tires health, battery age and degradation, and charging patterns can also impact how far you can drive your EV on a single charge.