由于生产商被迫限制污染，汽车轮胎将变得更加昂贵

 2023 年 5 月 19 日 09:45 UTC

克里斯蒂安·阿加蒂 

电动汽车比内燃机驱动的汽车重得多，这导致轮胎磨损得更快。美国和欧洲当局试图迫使生产商改变轮胎橡胶成分，以减少污染。这将全面提高价格。

一些评论家试图将电动汽车描述为在整个生命周期内比内燃机汽车污染更多，但事实并非如此。即使电动汽车和电池生产的污染更严重，由于效率高得多，这在拥有的头几年就被抵消了。随着能源对化石燃料的依赖程度越来越低，电动汽车只会对环境变得更好。但有一个问题现在才变得明显：与同类汽油动力汽车相比，电动汽车因轮胎磨损而排放的颗粒要多得多。

许多 EV 车主感到惊讶的是，他们需要比预期更频繁地更换轮胎，即使是在温和驾驶时也是如此。这是正常现象，因为当轮胎与路面接触时，磨损会导致微小的橡胶颗粒脱落并进入空气中。车辆越重，轮胎磨损越快，释放的橡胶颗粒越多。加速和制动会使轮胎磨损得更快。而且由于电动汽车比同等的内燃机汽车更重并且具有更运动的性能，因此它们会加速轮胎磨损。

全球每年生产大约 20 亿个轮胎，轮胎颗粒已成为重要的污染源。轮胎化合物含有约 200 种成分和化学物质，其中一些具有剧毒。虽然许多被认为是致癌物质，但研究集中在其中一种，称为 6PPD。这是一种抗氧化剂和抗臭氧剂化学物质，用于所有轮胎，以减少因暴露于氧气、臭氧和温度波动引起的退化和破裂。6PPD 是水溶性的，对某些鱼类是致命的。

当局准备要求轮胎制造商找到一种毒性更小的 6PPD 替代品，加利福尼亚州处于该倡议的最前沿。欧盟即将出台的欧 7 排放法规也将首次对轮胎进行监管。新规则旨在通过开发更好、污染更少的轮胎来减少轮胎污染，以补偿因电动汽车轮胎磨损而增加的排放量。但这将需要更高质量、更昂贵的材料来使轮胎更耐用。

路透社发现米其林、大陆和倍耐力正在寻求6PPD 的替代品，前两者表示可能需要采取集体行业行动来找到解决方案。普利司通和固特异拒绝讨论该行业的排放挑战。大多数轮胎制造商认为即将出台的法规是一件好事。米其林表示，它希望新标准能够从市场上淘汰排放量较高的轮胎。这些大多是廉价的中国进口产品，在欧洲市场很常见。大陆集团提倡全球耐磨标准，并为消费者提供透明标签。

米其林估计，轮胎每年在全球排放约 300 万吨颗粒物。路面贡献了另外 300 万吨。据米其林称，使用其轮胎行驶 200,000 公里（124,000 英里）将排放约 1.5 千克（3.3 磅）的颗粒物，而市场平均水平为 3.6 千克（8 磅）。实现零轮胎污染是不可能的，但改进轮胎化合物可以将其降低到可管理的水平。

原文正文

Some critics try to depict electric vehicles as more polluting over the entire lifetime than ICE vehicles, but it isn't true. Even if EV and battery production are more polluting, this is offset in the first years of ownership, thanks to the much higher efficiency. And as the energy sources become less reliant on fossil fuels, EVs will only become better for the environment. But there's a problem that is only now becoming obvious: EVs emit far more particles from tire wear than comparable gas-powered cars.

Many EV owners were surprised that they need to change tires much more often than expected, even when driving gently. This is normal because when tires interact with the road, abrasion causes tiny rubber particles to detach and get into the air. The heavier a vehicle is, the faster the tire wear and the more rubber particles are released. Accelerating and braking cause the tires to wear even faster. And because EVs are heavier and have sportier performances than equivalent combustion vehicles, they experience accelerated tire wear.

With roughly 2 billion tires produced globally every year, tire particles have become a significant source of pollution. Tire compound contains about 200 components and chemicals, and some of them are highly toxic. Although many are considered carcinogenic, studies concentrate on one of them, called 6PPD. This is an antioxidant and antiozonant chemical used in all tires to reduce degradation and cracking caused by exposure to oxygen, ozone, and temperature fluctuation. 6PPD is water-soluble and is lethal to some fish species.

Authorities are poised to demand tire makers find a less toxic alternative to 6PPD, with California at the forefront of the initiative. The European Union's upcoming Euro 7 emission regulations will also regulate tires for the first time. The new rules aim at reducing tire pollution by developing better and less polluting tires to compensate for the increased emissions from EV tire wear. But that would require higher-quality, more expensive materials to make the tires more durable.

Reuters found out that Michelin, Continental, and Pirelli are pursuing alternatives to 6PPD, with the former two saying that collective industry action may be necessary to find solutions. Bridgestone and Goodyear declined to discuss the industry's emissions challenges. The upcoming regulations are seen as a good thing by most tire manufacturers. Michelin said it wants the new standards to eliminate the higher-emitting tire from the market. These are mostly cheap Chinese imports, common in the European market. Continental advocates a global abrasion standard with transparent labeling for consumers.

Michelin estimates that tires emit about 3 million tonnes of particles globally every year. Road surfaces contribute another 3 million tonnes. According to Michelin, driving for 200,000 km (124,000 miles) on its tires will emit about 1.5 kg (3.3 lbs.) of particles, compared to a market average of 3.6 kg (8 lbs.). Reaching zero tire pollution is impossible, but improving tire compounds could reduce it to manageable levels.