分类: 语法漫谈 |
一、注意形式与功用
不定式的被动式为“to be+过去分词”,表示其逻辑主语是动作的承受者,具有被动含义。
在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语等。如:
It was impossible for lost time to be made up. 要弥补已失去的时光是不可能的。
I hope to be invited to the party.我希望有人请我去参加晚会。
Have you got ready for the meeting to be held? 你为即将举行的会议准备好了吗?
In order to be chosen, he sent each of them a present. 为了被选中,他给他们每人都送了礼物。
The problem seems to be solved soon. 问题好像快要解决了。
二、与不定式的主动式的比较
1. 表示义务的概念,句子的主语是要做的动作或接受动作的人或物时,要用不定式的被动式。如:
These sheets are to be washed. 这些床单要洗一洗。
The cleaning is to be finished by midday. 要在中午前打扫完毕。
2. 不定式作定语与被修饰词是主谓、动宾、同位等逻辑关系时,多用其主动式。如:
Where is the boy to speak at tomorrow's meeting? (=who will speak at tomorrow's meeting 主谓关系)明天要在会上发言的那个男孩在哪里?
I have got a letter to write. (=that I will write 动宾关系,尤其谓语动词为have , give, bring等时)我有封信要写。
Give me a pen to write with. (=that I can write with不及物动词加上相应的介词)给我一枝笔写。
We'd better make out a plan to go on holiday. (= that we will go on holiday 同位关系)我们最好制定出一个度假计划。
注意:如果动作的执行者在主语或宾语中没有出现,应用不定式的被动式。如:
I'm going to the post office. Do you have any letters to be posted? 我要去邮局。你有信要寄吗?(动作执行者不是you)
3. 在there be结构中,用不定式的主动式和被动式意义一般差别不大,但有些还是有差别的。如:
There's a lot to be said (或to say) about this book.关于这本书大有可说。
There is nothing to see. 没有什么可看的了。
There is nothing to be seen. 看不见有什么。(即“什么也没看见”)
4. 修饰作表语或宾补的形容词的不定式,常用主动式表示被动含义。如:
I don't think English hard to learn. 我认为英语不太难学。
三、双重被动结构
有些被动结构后接不定式作宾语、宾语补足语等时,仍然含有被动含义,就得用双重被动结构。如:
The work is thought to be finished soon. 大家认为工作很快就完成了。
四、动作发生的时间
不定式多表示未来动作或情况,其被动式也不例外,上述各例皆有体现,尤其是改为定语从句时多为将来时的被动语态。另外我们还要注意以下两点:
1. 表示被动关系时,当不定式的动作先于谓语时,可用不定式的被动式的完成时:to have been done;与谓语同时进行时,要用不定式的被动式的进行时:to be being done。如:
The dead woman is said to have been badly treated. 据说死去的妇女受虐待。
Rainforests are reported to be being cut down rapidly. 据报道雨林正被迅速地砍伐。
2. 不定式的主动式作含序数词的被修饰词语的定语时,可表示已完成的动作。如:
He was the first man to taste the tomato.他是第一位品尝西红柿的人。
They were the last to leave the countryside.他们是最后一批离开农村的。