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美国传统道德观-American Traditional Moral Values

(2007-01-16 15:54:29)

Do Americans have any morals? That` s a good question. Many people insist that ideas about right and wrong are merely personal opinions. Some voices, though are calling Americans back to traditional moral values. William J. Bennett, former U.S.Secretary of Education, edited The Book of Virtues in 1993to do just that.Bennett suggests that great moral stories can build character. The success of Bennett` s book shows that many Americans still believe in moral values. But what are they?
美国人还有道德吗?这是个好问题。许多人坚持对与错乃是个人的意见。但是,还是有些人在呼唤美国人回到传统的道德价值里去。威廉.班奈特,前任美国教育部长,正是为了此目的而在一九九三年编辑了「美德」这本书。班奈特认为伟大的道德故事可以建造性格。班奈持这本书的成功显示了许多美国人仍然相信道德的价值。但是它们到底为何?

To begin with,moral values in America are like those in any culture.In fact,many aspects of morality are universal.But the stories and traditions that teach them are unique to each culture.Not only that,but culture influences how people show these virtues.
最开始,道德价值在美国就像在任何其它的文化一样。事实上,许多道德的观点是全球一致的。但是,不同的文化则有不同的故事和传统来教导它们。不仅如此,文化也影响了人民如何表现这些美德。

One of the most basic moral values for Americans is honesty.The well-known legend about George Washington and the cherry tree teaches this value clearly.Little George cut down his father"s favorite cherry tree while trying out his new hatchet.When his father asked him about it,George said,"I cannot tell a lie.I did it with my hatchet."Instead of punishment,George received praise for telling the truth.Sometimes American honesty-being open and direct-can offend people.But Americans still believe that "honesty is the best policy."
美国人最基本的道德价值之一是诚实。众所周知的乔治.华盛顿砍樱桃树的故事,即将此道德教导地极为清楚。小乔治在试他新斧头时砍倒了爸爸最心爱的樱桃树。当爸爸问他的时候,乔治说,「我不能说谎,我用我的斧头砍了它。」乔治非但未被惩罚,反而因为诚实而被赞赏。有时候美国人仍然相信「诚实是最上策」。

Another virtue Americans respect is perseverance.Remember Aesop"s fable about the turtle and the rabbit that had a race?The rabbit thought he could win easily,so he took a nap.But the turtle finally won because he did not give up.Another story tells of a little train that had to climb a steep hill.The hill was so steep that the little train had a hard time trying to get over it.But the train just kept pulling,all the while saying,"I think I can,I think I can."At last,the train was over the top of the hill."I thought I could,I thought I could,"chugged the happy little train.
另外一个为美国人所尊崇的美德为坚忍。记得再龟兔赛跑这则伊索寓言吗?兔子以为可以赢的很轻松,便睡了个午觉,但是乌龟再最后终因不放弃而赢了这场比赛。另一个故事谈到一个必须爬过陡峭山头的小火车,山头是这么陡,以至于小火车很难爬上去,但是它仍不断地爬,并不停地说:「我想我能做到,我能做到。」最后,火车终于爬过了山头,「我就知道我可以。」这个快乐的小火车继续往前去。

Compassion may be the queen of American virtues.The story of "The Good Samaritan"from the Bible describes a man who showed compassion.On his way to a certain city,a Samaritan man found a poor traveler lying on the road.The traveler had been beaten and robbed.The kind Samaritan,instead of just passing by,stopped to help this person in need.Compassion can even turn into a positive cycle.In fall 1992,people in Iowa sent truckloads of water to help Floridians hit by a hurricane.The next summer,during the Midwest flooding,Florida returned the favor.In less dramatic ways,millions of Americans are quietly passing along the kindnesses shown to them.
同情心,可能是美国的道德之最了。圣经中的「好撒玛利亚人」的故事,描述一个流露同情心的人。在这个撒玛利亚人出发去某城市的途中,看到一个可怜的旅客躺在路旁。这旅客被鞭打、抢劫,这位仁慈的撒玛利亚人非但没有视而不见,反而停下来帮助这位有需要的人。同情心还可以变成一个正面循环,在一九九二年的秋天,爱荷华州的居民将好几辆卡车的水送到受飓风侵袭的佛罗里达州;而就在第二年夏天,当中西部闹水灾的时候,佛州人便投挑报李。数以百万计的美国人民正用较不醒目的方式回报人们向他们表达的善意。

In no way can this brief description cover all the moral values honored by Americans.Courage,responsibility,loyalty,gratitude and many others could be discussed.In fact,Bennett"s bestseller-over 800pages-highlights just 10virtues.Even Bennett admits that he has only scratched the surface.But no matter how long or short the list,moral values are invaluable.They are the foundation of American culture-and any culture.
在这么一篇短短的文章里,无论如何也不能将美国人所尊崇的道德述尽。勇气、责任心、忠诚、感激之心还有许多其它可以讨论的。事实上,班奈特最畅销的书──超过八百页──只谈到了十种美德。即使班奈特也承认他只谈到了皮毛而已。但是不论这张道德表是多长或短,道德价值都是无价的。他们是美国文化──和任何其它国家的文化之基础。

good Samaritan
这一典故来自《圣经.路加福音10》(LUKE 10)“好撒玛利亚人的比喻”(The Parable of the Good Samaritan)。
有一个教导犹太人律法的师傅,他故意来问耶稣说∶「夫子,我该怎麽做才可以承受永生?」耶稣对他说∶「摩西的律法教的是什麽呢?」他回答说∶「神教导我们要尽心、尽力、尽意、尽性爱主而且要爱邻舍如同自己。」耶稣说∶「既然这样回答。就照著这样行,就必得永生。」那人为了显明自己聪敏,故意又问耶稣说∶「那谁是我们的邻舍呢?」於是耶稣就做了一个比喻∶有一个人从耶路撒冷下到耶利哥城去。走到半路,不幸落在强盗手中,被他们剥去衣服,抢去身上的财宝,又被打个半死,就丢下他走了。但这条路少有人烟,偶然来了一个犹太人的祭司,听到有人的呻吟声,回过头看到这个受伤的人,见他满身是血,满面都充满了痛苦的表情。祭司在想∶「这个人真可怜,恐怕是被强盗打成这个样子的。希望后面的人能够帮他。我就不能了,我穿著这身祭司袍,要是被他的血弄脏了。是很难清洗乾净的。我想,这个人一定犯罪,上帝惩罚他,才会被强盗打成这个样子,我是个圣洁的人,不要被他的罪沾污了。」於是,这个祭司从路的那边绕了过去。后来,又有一个在圣殿工作的利未人路过,他也看见这个受伤的人,他心里想∶「这个人真可怜,恐怕是被强盗打成这个样子的。可惜我今天太忙。就不能帮他了,很多人等著我去开会。看他恐怕连走路都有问题,一定会拖慢我的行程。抱歉我没有时间救他。愿神祝福他!」同样的这个利未人也走过去,不理会这个受伤的人。到了黄昏,一个被犹太人所歧视的撒玛利亚人,经过这儿,看见了这个受伤的人,就可怜他,立即用油和酒帮他敷在伤口上,又扶他骑上自己的驴,带他到旅馆中休息,且照应他。第二天早晨,还特别拿钱交给店主说∶「你先照应他,如果还有其他的费用,我回来再还给你。」耶稣说∶「你想这三个人,哪一个是落在强盗中的邻舍呢?」那律法师说∶「是好心的撒玛利亚人。」耶稣说∶「你就照样行罢!」
good Samaritan: a person who, without compensation or the expectation of compensation, renders emergency care, assistance, or advice to someone in distress. 需要注意的是这里的“Compensation”并非是“赔偿”的意思。而应该作“补偿”、“酬劳”理解。且看《麦克米伦当代英语词典》对该词之解释:…2. that which compensates, as payment given or received as an equivalent for services, loss or damage.(p, 204)
Dictionary Of The Law 对good Samaritan law 的描述为:1.a statute granting immunity to good Samaritans, especially physicians or other health professionals who happen upon the scene of an emergency or happen to be present when an emergency occurs, for any alleged negligence in their efforts to render assistance to those in need. Typically such a law does not grant immunity for reckless or willful conduct. 2. (in a few states and some foreign countries) a law requiring individuals at the scene of an emergency to render assistance to the extent that they can do so without danger to themselves or others.
美国是一个典型的法制化国家,它有自己的《见义勇为法》;但我国到目前为止,还没有调整这一领域的法律、法规。根据上述定义,我们可以看出,美国的《见义勇为法》似乎更多调整的是医疗、卫生领域,为特定情形下的医生--也就是见义勇为者豁免了一些责任。这是非常正确的。在我们国家,众所周知,国家、集体财产或者人民群众生命、财产受到侵害,遇到危险时,公安、消防队员具有救助的义务,以上特殊主体如果因此而受到侵害,他们会享有相应的国家保障;而对国家、集体财产或者他人生命、财产受到侵害或危险,普通群众并没有救助义务,其实施救助属于见义勇为,但其实施救助同样是值得肯定的,因此,他们同样应该受到法律的保障,美国的《见义勇为法》为我们做出了榜样;社会倡导和鼓励见义勇为这一崇高的道德风尚,是因为其受益的不仅是具体的某一救助对象,而且社会在某种程度上也是受益者。对见义勇为,目前还仅仅是纯而又纯的道德问题。对见义勇为者的法律保障的缺位不仅导致了司法的尴尬,也使见义勇为这种社会倡导的道德风尚面临考验。

如今国内,各媒体对于信仰道德早已视而不见。珍视它们是人之所以为社会人的相互交往、交流、共同生活、生存的最基本的尊重和巧妙的方式,但现在媒体的飞短流长一叶以避目的只谈利益得无所顾忌了。

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