郭老师讲语法——动词时态专讲

一、概说

动词的时态历来是中考题中考查的重头戏之一。测试重点放在根据特定语言环境区别使用一般现在时，一般过去时和现在完成时；一般现在时(过去时)与现在(过去)进行时；特定的时间状语中时态的使用；结合所获得的语言知识确定正确时态的能力等。综上所述，动词的时态在中考测试中的地位非常重要。因而考生在复习备考中必须对本专题引起足够的重视。

 

二、各种时态的构成

 

三、各种时态的用法

◆◆ 一般现在时

1. 表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。

时间状语： every day，every other day，sometimes，often，usually，on Sunday …

I leave home for school at 7 _________________ (每天早晨).

The Olympic Games are held ____________________ (每四年).

What do you ____________ (通常) do when you are free on Sunday?

2. 用在客观真理，客观存在，科学事实或格言警句中。

The earth _________________ (绕着……转) the sun.

Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海__________中国的东方。

Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。

注意：此种用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

My teacher told us that light _________ (travel) faster than sound.

Didn’t you father tell you that the sun ________ (be) much larger than the moon?

3. 表示按计划表或时间表将要发生的动作，某些动词如come, go, move, stop, leave, finish, start 等，在一般现在时态中可用来表示将来肯定会发生的动作。

  The plane _____________ (起飞) at half past eleven tomorrow morning.

The train comes at 3 o’clock. 火车三点钟到。

Class starts in two mimutes. 两分钟后就要上课了。

4. 由when，as soon as，until，before，after引导的时间状语从句或由if，unless，as long as，once引导的条件状语从句中，一般现在时代替一般将来时。

I’ll help you as soon as I ___________(到达) Beijing tomorrow.

I won’t leave unless you __________ (tell) me everything.

◆◆ 一般过去时

1. 表示在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。

时间状语有：yesterday，last week，an hour ago，the other day，in 1981等。

Where did you go just now? 刚才你去哪儿了？

2. 表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。特别是由would / used to表达的句型，本身表达的就是过去时。常与always，usually，often，sometimes，never等时间状语连用。

When I was a child, I often _______________ (踢足球) in the yard.

He used _____________ (smoke) a lot, but he doesn’t now.

3. 用于追述逝去的人或事，以及在从句中叙述历史事实。

  Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

4. 用于虚拟语气(非真实的过去)。

  If I _________ (知道) the truth, I would tell you now.

  I wish I __________ (有) a cherry without a stone.

  If I _________ (是) a bird, I would fly in the sky.

5. 辨析used to / be used to

1) used to+do：“过去常常”，表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。

Mother used not to be so forgetful. 母亲以前没有这么健忘。

Scarf used to take a walk after supper. 斯卡夫过去在晚饭后常常散步。

2) be used to+doing：“对……已感到习惯”，或“习惯于”，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。

  Scarf is used to taking a walk after supper. 斯卡夫现在习惯于在晚饭后散步。 

  Have you been used to ______________ (住在这里)?

 

◆◆ 现在进行时

1. 表示现在 (指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。在句中往往有now等时间状语或是像Look! / Listen! 等提示词语，有的则是通过上下文暗示某动作正在进行。

We are _____________ (等) you outside the classroom now.

Look! The man _____________ (放) a kite at the square.

The music sounds very familiar. Who ___________ (弹) the piano upstairs?

2. 表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作，也许此时此刻这个动作并没有进行。

The students are preparing for the examination. 学生们正在作考试________。

Mr. Green is writing another novel these days.

格林先生这些天在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）

3. 与always，forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。

You are always ___________ your mind. 你总是改变主意。（表示抱怨或不满）

She is forever thinking of _____________. 她永远都在为他人考虑。（表示赞许）

4. 某些动词的现在进行时可以表示即将发生的动作，这些动词有arrive，come，leave，die等。例如：

They are going to Hong Kong tomorrow. 他们明天要去香港。

 

◆◆ 过去进行时

1. 表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，这一特定的时间或时刻除了上下文暗示之外，还有时间状语如at that time / moment，at this time yesterday或when / while等引导的状语从句表示。

  ____________________________ (你正在做什么) at nine o’clock yesterday evening?

  It _________________ when they left the station. 他们离开车站的时候，天正下着雨。

  While I ______________ (play) on the computer, he knocked at the door.

2. 与always，forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。

He was always ringing me up. 他过去老是给我______________。

My grandfather was always ______________ things. 我祖父总是忘这忘那。

3. come / go / leave / arrive / set out / start等一些表示趋向动作的动词用过去进行时可表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作，一般强调按计划、要求、打算进行的动作。

  Mr. Smith said he was leaving for London soon. 史密斯先生说他不久要________________。

4. 注意区别：

一般过去时表示在过去某个时间“发生了的动作”或“存在了的状态”，而过去进行时则强调在过去某一时刻或某一段时间“正在进行的动作”。

Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night. (表明信写完了)

Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night.

(只表明“一直在写”，不清楚“是否写完”，也许信还没有写完)

 

◆◆ 现在完成时

1. 一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在（也许还将持续下去）。表示从过去持续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间的状语有：up to now / till now / until now / so far，in the last / past few days，lately / recently，for+时间段/ since+过去的时间点，ever since / since then / ever since then等。

  Great changes have taken place in my hometown ______________________ (在过去的几年里).

  He has been busy writing a book ____________ (最近).

  She has been a nurse _____________________ (十年).

2. 一件发生在过去的事情对现在产生影响，注意这时说话者的重心在过去的事情对现在产生的影响上。常用的时间状语有already，yet，just，never，before等。

  我以前从没有去过北京。________________________________________

3. 关于瞬间动词

1) 瞬间动词也叫短暂性动词、终止性动词或非延续性动词，表示动作瞬间完成，可以有现在完成时态，但不能持续一段时间。在完成时中表述这种意思，我们常用相应的延续性动词来代替短暂性动词，有的可变为been+相应的介词/形容词。常见的有：

borrow →                                buy  →                               become →

marry →                                   finish →                             die →

begin/start →                          fall asleep →                     fall ill →

       leave →                                    open →                              close →

2) 瞬间动词若要接一段时间，需要做一些相应的变换。如：

    ① He has come to Beijing since last year. (×)

       He has been in Beijing since last year. (√)

    ②He has joined the army for three years. (×)

       He has served in / been a member of the army for three years. (√)

       He joined the army three years ago. (√)

       He has been a soldier for three years. (√)

   It is three years since he joined the army. (√)

3) 但在否定句中，短暂性动词可以与时间段连用。例如：

I haven’t bought the bike for a year. 我买这辆自行车还不到一年。

She hasn’t come here for an hour. 她来这儿还没有一个小时。

注意：并非有for作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。

I worked here for twenty years. 我在这里工作过20年。(我现在已不在这里工作。)

I have worked here for twenty years. 我已经在这里工作20年了。(现在我仍在这里工作。)

Bill says that he will stay in Nanjing for three more days. 比尔说他将要在南京再待三天。

4. 比较一般过去时与现在完成时

1) 过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。

I saw this film yesterday. 我昨天看了这部电影。（强调看的动作发生过了。）

I have seen this film. 这部电影我看过了。（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）

2) 过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。句子中如有过去时的时间副词如 yesterday，last week，in 1986时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。

（×）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.

（√）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

 

◆◆ 过去完成时

1. 表示过去的过去

----|-------------|--------|---->  其构成形式是“had +过去分词”。

那时以前　   那时　 现在

2. 一件事情发生在过去，而另外一件事情先于它发生(即表示“过去的过去”)，那么发生在先的事情的动词须用过去完成时。这个过去的时间可用before等介词短语构成一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以通过上下文给出暗示。

  She __________________ (已经学习) some English before she came to this city.

3. 表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作，常用的时间状语有：by then，by that time，by the end of，before 2012，by the time等。

  By then he had learned English for four years. 截止到那时，他已经____________________。

4. 用在told，said，knew，heard，thought等动词后的宾语从句中。也可用在状语从句中，此时，在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先用过去完成时；发生在后用一般过去时。

She said (that) she had never been to Paris. 她说她从来没去过巴黎。

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 等到警察来的时候，贼早已经跑了。

5. 过去完成时与现在完成时的主要区别是时间参照点不用：过去完成时的时间参照点是某个“过去的”时间；现在完成时的时间参照点是“现在”。在使用时，还要注意现在完成时中的很多规则，也适用于过去完成时。

  When I got to the cinema, the film ________________ (已经开始) for five minutes.

 

◆◆ 一般将来时

1. 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态以及打算、计划或准备要做的事。其构成形式为“will / shall+动词原形”或“am / is / are going to+动词原形”。与一般将来时连用的时间状语有：tomorrow，next week，in five days等。

2. 当主语是第一人称I或we时，问句中一般用shall，表示征求对方的意见：

  When and where shall we meet? 我们何时何地见面呢？

3.“am / is / are going to +动词原形”表示计划、打算做某事，表示已决定的，很可能发生的事，或有某种迹象表明要发生的事。

  He is going to speak on TV this evening. 他计划今晚到电视台讲话。

Look at the clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看天上的乌云，一场__________要来了。

4. 以下几种情况只可用will表将来，而不可用be going to结构。

  ① 表示有礼貌的询问对方是否愿意或表示客气的邀请或命令时。

     Will you please __________ (借) me your pencil?

  ② 表示意愿时。

     We will help him if he asks us. 如果他要求的话，我们是愿意帮助他的。

  ③ 表单纯的将来，与人的主观愿望和判断无关时。

     The sun will ___________ (落) at half past seven this evening.

     Fish will die __________________ (没有了水).

5. 一般现在时表将来

① 下列动词come，go，arrive，leave，start，begin，return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明早六点发车。

② 在if，as soon as，until，when等引导的状语从句中。

When Bill comes, ask him to wait for me. 比尔来了后，让他等我。

I’ll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我一到那儿就给你写信。

6. 现在进行时表将来

意为“意图”、“打算”、“安排”，常用于人。常用词为 come，go，start，arrive，leave，stay等。

I’m leaving tomorrow. 我打算明天动身。

Are you staying here till next week? 你打算在这儿住到下周吗？

 

◆◆ 过去将来时

表示在过去看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态，即立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来。其构成形式为“would+动词原形”或“was / were going to+动词原形”。与过去将来时态连用的时间状语有：the next day / year，the following week / month等。具体运用时，多用于宾语从句或间接引语中。

He told me that he would visit me if possible. 他说要是可能的话他会来___________的。

Jim asked Lucy if she would buy the new book. 吉姆问露西她是否要_________________。

 

时态自我检测题（45分）

I．根据句意，用所给动词的适当形式填空。

1. It is a fine day. The sun _______________ (shine) brightly.

2. They _______________ (visit) the Science Museum next Sunday.

3. Mr. Brown _______________ (live) in Beijing since he came to China.

4. Mr. Wang _______________ (teach) us English two years ago.

5. The Smiths _______________ (watch) TV at this time last night.

6. We _______________ (learn) about ten English songs by the end of last term.

7. Father said that he _______________ (buy) a new bike for me the next Friday.

8. Bill isn’t here. He _______________ (chat) with his friends in the classroom.

9. The teacher said that the moon _______________ (go) round the earth.

10. The Young Pioneers will go to the zoo if it _______________ (not rain) this Sunday.

11. Listen! They _______________ (talk) about the new film.

12. Jim asked us what _______________ (happen) in China in 1976.

13. The host _______________ (interview) the little boy just now.

14. He said that he _______________ (ring) me up when he got there.

15. We _______________ (learn) English for about three years.

16. The farmers _______________ (pick) apples when I saw them.

17. The film _______________ (begin) when I got to the cinema.

18. The girl told me that she wanted to be an English teacher when she ___________ (grow) up.

19. Mr. Green _______________ (travel) to several places in South China since he came here.

20. I’ll go home as soon as I _______________ (finish) my homework.

II．根据句意，选择填空。

21. Tell Lily to call me as soon as she ________.

    A. will arrive                B. gets there                 C. has gone                   D. reach here

22. —Hi, Kate. You look tired. What’s the matter?

—I ________ well last night.

    A. didn’t sleep                     B. don’t sleep        C. haven’t slept             D. won’t sleep

23. —Excuse me, look at the sign over there, please. Could you stop smoking?

       —Sorry, I ________ that.

    A. didn’t see                 B. don’t see                  C. won’t see                 D. can’t see

24. —Well, I found this. I think it must be yours.

       —My watch! Thank you. Where ________ it?

    A. do you find                     B. had you found          C. were you finding       D. did you find

25. —Do you know when Dr. White ________ for dinner this evening?

—No, but I think he ________ when he is free.

    A. will come; comes                                                B. will come; will come

    C. comes; comes                                              D. comes; will come

26. Look at those black clouds. It ________ rain. Let’s hurry.

    A. maybe                            B. would               C. has                          D. is going to

27. The Oriental Pearl TV Tower ________ thousands of visitors since 1995.

    A. attracted                          B. attracts                     C. has attracted             D. will attract

28. —Jimmy is leaving for a holiday.

—Really? Where ________ he ________?

    A. has; gone                 B. will; go                    C. did; go                     D. does; go

29. —Shall we go shopping now?

—Sorry, I can’t. I ________ my shirts.

    A. wash                        B. washes                     C. washed                     D. am washing

30. —I called you yesterday evening, but there was no answer.

       —Oh, I am sorry. I ________ dinner at my friend’s home.

    A. have                               B. had                          C. was having        D. have had

31. —________ you ________ your e-mails today?

—Not yet. There’s something wrong with my computer.

    A. Have; checked          B. Did; check         C. Do; check                 D. Are; checking

32. —How do you like Beijing, Mr. Black?

—Oh, I ________ such a beautiful city before.

    A. don’t visit                B. didn’t visit        C. haven’t visited   D. hadn’t visited

33. —Tom, may I borrow your book Chicken Soup?

—Sorry, I ________ it to Mary.

    A. lent                                B. have lent                  C. had lent                    D. lend

34. —Mum, may I go out to play football?

—________ you ________ your homework yet?

    A. Have; finished          B. Do; finished             C. Are; finishing           D. Did; finish

35. —The train is leaving right now, but David hasn’t arrived yet.

—Well, he said he ________ here on time.

    A. came                       B. will be                     C. would come              D. can be

36. —Why didn’t you go to the cinema yesterday?

—Because I ________ the film before.

    A. had seen                          B. have seen                 C. have watched            D. has watched

37. I don’t think John saw me. He ________ a book at that moment.

    A. just read                          B. has just read             C. was just reading D. had just read

38. Mr. Green ________ a book about China last year but I don’t know whether he has finished it.

    A. has written               B. wrote                       C. had written        D. was writing

39. Mr. White ________ the newspaper while his daughter ________ TV.

    A. has read; was watching                                 B. was reading; watched

    C. was reading; was watching                                   D. reading; watched

40. —I ________ you at the meeting. Why?

—I was ill.

A. saw                               B. have seen                 C. not see                     D. didn’t see

41. Hurry up! The play ________ for ten minutes.

    A. has been on                     B. has begun                 C. had begun         D. began

42. —May I speak to Mr. Smith?

—Sorry, he ________ Australia. But he ________ in two days.

    A. has been to; will come back                          B. has gone to; will be back

    C. has been in; would come back                       D. is leaving for; doesn’t come back

43. I can’t go to the theater tonight because I ________ my ticket.

    A. have lost                         B. had lost                    C. will lose                   D. was losing

44. —What a nice bike! How long ________ you ________ it?

—Just two weeks.

    A. have; bought                   B. did; buy                   C. have; had                 D. are; having

45. Mrs. Smith ______ her keys in the office, so she had to wait until her husband ______ home.

A. has left; comes                                            B. left; had come   

C. had left; would come                                          D. had left; came

参考答案 

I．  1. is shining         2. will visit          3. has lived          4. taught                     5. were watching

6. had learned              7. would buy 8. is chatting 9. goes                       10. doesn’t snow

11. are talking        12. happened  13. interviewed      14. would ring              15. have learned

16. were picking           17. had begun 18. grew                19. has travelled            20. finish

 

II．21-25 BAADB                      26-30 DCBDC                            31-35 ACBAC

       36-40 ACDCD                    41-45 ABACD