郭老师讲语法——宾语从句

在之前对简单句的学习中，我们了解了“主谓宾”这种结构。先来回顾一下，比如“他打我”这个中文句子，这句话应该很好理解，“他”是主语，是整句话中陈述的对象（往往由代词或名词来担当）；“打”是谓语，是主语所做的动作；“我”是宾语，用在谓语动词的后面。那么，把这句话翻译成英语怎么说？_____________________来分析一下吧！句中的________是主语，________是动词，作谓语，而_______是动作的对象（或者说是行为的承受者），是宾语。

那么，什么是从句呢？还是先从简单句来理解。简单句表示句子中只包含一个主谓宾。从句就是一句话当中包含两个句子，也就是两个主谓宾。宾语从句在复合句中起宾语作用，是中考重要考点之一。对于宾语从句的考查，常是关于宾语从句的引导词（连接词）、时态和语序。简析如下：

 

 

考点一：宾语从句的时态和语序

1、宾语从句的时态

       （1）如果从句是现在的某种时态（包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时），那么，宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。如：

       ①“I know my parents care about me,” he says. 他说：“我知道我父母关心我。”

       ② Now in China, he has found that his family ____________ a tall tree with long roots.

              现在在中国，他已经发现他的家庭就像长有很长树根的一棵大树。

       ③ I am writing to say that I am against ____________ (build) a new zoo in our town.

              我写信要说的是我反对在我们的镇上建一个新的动物园。

       ④ I remember that he _______________________ (给了我一本书) yesterday.

       ⑤ He has told me that he’ll leave for New York tomorrow.

              他已告诉我明天他要____________纽约了。

（2）如果主句是过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时），爸妈宾语从句要用过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时）。如：

① In 1991, Hepburn discovered that she had cancer. 1991年，赫本发现她得了癌症。

② Did you know that tea, the most popular drink in the world (after tea), was invented by accident? 你知道茶，这个世界上最大众化的饮料(仅次于水)，是__________被发明的吗？

③ When I first ate in a western restaurant, I didn’t know what I was supposed to do.

       我第一次在西餐厅吃饭时，都不知道_____________________。

④ He told me that he __________ (will) take part in the high jump.

⑤ She asked me if I _______________ (已经拿了) her soap.

（3）如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实或真理，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时。如：

He told me that the earth ________ (go) around the sun.

Didn’t your teacher tell you the moon ________ (be) smaller than the sun?

2、宾语从句的语序

       宾语从句要用陈述句语序。在把两个独立的句子连成一个含有宾语从句的复合句时，要特别注意从句的语序，即按照主语、谓语的顺序。但要注意，当连接词在从句中作主语时，原问句的语序不变。如：

       ① Where is Tom from? Do you know? →Do you know where Tom is from?

       ② Who made you angry? Can you tell me? →Can you tell me who made you angry?

       ③“What is the matter with Tom?” Mary asked me.

→Mary asked me what was the matter with Tom.

【真题链接】

       1. (2013滨州) —Hi, Bruce. Here is a letter for you.

         —Thanks. I wonder ________.

              A. who the letter was from                       B. who was from the letter

              C. who was the letter from                       D. who from the letter was

       2. (2013丽水) —I’m going to buy a car. Any advice, Charlie?

         —Well, it depends on ________. If money isn’t the problem, you can buy a BMW.

              A. when you will buy one                                B. how much you can afford

              C. what colour you like                                   D. where you are driving

       3. (2013北京) —Can you tell me ________ the prize, Tom?

         —Last year.

              A. when you got                                             B. when did you get

C. when will you get                                       D. when you will get

       4. (2013芜湖) —Could you tell me ________?

         —You can take No. 16 bus.

       A. how can we get to the Olympic Park       B. how we can get to the Olympic Park

              C. how did we get to the OlympicPark            D. how we got to the Olympic Park

考点二：宾语从句的引导词(连接词)

1、当宾语从句是陈述句时，用that引导。如：

      Even the teacher agreed that Martin was ____________ his time.

甚至老师也认同马丁在浪费时间。

【友情提示】引导词that用于下列情况时不可省略：

       ①当宾语从句的主语是that时。如：He says that that is a useful book.

       ②当从句前有插入语时。如：It says, on a card, that it is made in Italy.

       ③当宾语从句中含有主从复合句时。如：

              Our teachers believe that if we did that, we would concentrate more on our clothes than our studies. 我们的老师认为如果我们那样做的话，我们会把更多的精力放在衣服上而不是学习上。

       ④当两个或多个宾语从句由并列连词连接时，除第一个从句中的that可以省略外，其余从句中的that都不可以省略。如：

              He said (that) the film was very interesting and that he enjoyed seeing it very much.

              他说这部电影非常有趣，并且他非常喜欢看。

2、含疑问语气的句子构成宾语从句时用whether或if连接，句尾的标点符号取决于主句。如：

       ① Do you like watching TV? He asked me.

→He asked me if / whether ______________ watching TV.

       ② I don’t _________ if it’s something I don’t need. 我不介意它是否是我不需要的东西。

【友情提示】何时只用whether而不用if？

       ①直接与or not连用时，用whether，不用if。例如：

       I didn’t say whether or not he’ll be _____________________. 我没说她是否呆在家里。

Can you tell me whether the train has left or not? 你能否告诉我火车是不是已经开了?

       ②所引导的从句作介词宾语时，用whether，不用if。例如：

I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我担心是否伤了她的感情。

I haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll __________________. 我是否回家还没定。

③引导宾语从句，从句置于句首表示强调时，用whether，不用if。例如：

Whether this is true (or not), I can’t tell. 这是不是真的，我不能_________。

Whether it is a defect or not，I don’t quite know. 这是不是个错误，我不知道。

④和动词不定式连用时，用whether，不用if。例如：

I don’t know whether to __________ or __________. 我不知道是接受还是拒绝。

I don’t know whether to see my doctor today. 我不知道今天是否去看医生。

⑤引导主语从句时，从句位于句首用whether，不用if。例如：

Whether she comes or not doesn’t concern me. 还是不来与我无关。

Whether she likes the present is not clear to me. 她是否喜欢那件礼物我____________。

       = It is not clear to me whether/if she likes the present.

(但用it作形式主语，将主语从句置于后面时，whether和if可以换用。)

⑥引导表语从句时，用whether，不用if。例如：

His first question was whether Holmes ________________ yet.

它的第一个问题是福尔摩斯是否已经到了。

My main problem right now is whether I should ask for another loan.

目前我的主要问题是我是否应当要求别的贷款。

⑦引导让步状语从句，作“不管”解时，用whether，不用if。例如：

I’ll start tomorrow, whether he asks me or not. 不管他要不要我去，反正我明天就动身。

Whether you like it or not, you’ll ____________ (must / have to) do it.

不管你愿不愿意，你都得做这件事。

⑧在容易造成歧义的情况下，如表达“是否”的意思时，最好用whether，避免用if。如：

Let me know whether you are coming. 你来还是不来，通知我一声。

如用if，则有两层意思。如：Let me know if you are coming. 可理解为：你来还是不

来，通知我一声。也可理解为：你如果来的话，通知我一声。前者是宾语从句，后者则是条件状语从句。

⑨在discuss后面只能跟whether引导的宾语从句。如：

We discussed whether we should close the shop. 我们讨论了是否该关闭商店。

注：doubt用于肯定句时，可用whether 或if 引导的宾语从句，在否定句或疑问句中则跟 that 引导的宾语从句。如：

I doubt whether / if he will come. 我怀疑他________________。

I don’t doubt that ____________________. 我不怀疑你是诚实的。

Do you doubt that he will win the match? 你怀疑他能赢得比赛吗？

☆ 宾语从句如果是否定句，一般用if，因为whether引导的宾语从句通常是肯定的。如：

I don’t care if she doesn’t come. 我不在乎他是否来。

3、连接代词what，who，whom，whose，which引导宾语从句时，连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等，不能省略。如：

       ①She knew __________ was happening because she learnt about underwater earthquakes at school only a few weeks earlier.

她知道发生了什么，因为几周前她在学校学习了水下地震方面的知识。

       ② She doesn’t know _________ this pencil belongs to. 她不知道这个铅笔是谁的。

       ③ There are three kinds of computers here, I can’t decide __________ kind I can choose.

          这里有三种类型的电脑，我难以决定可以挑选哪一种。

4、连接副词when，where，how，why等引导宾语从句时，连接副词在从句中作状语，表示时间、地点、方式或原因，不能省略。如：

       ① Do you know when basketball ____________________ (发明)?

       ② Please explain __________ you are late again today. 解释一下今天又迟到的原因。

       ③ Can you tell me ______________________________ (你每天怎么去上学的)?

【真题链接】

       5. (2013湖州) I was told to meet Mr. White at the airport. But I don’t know ____ he will arrive.

              A. when               B. how                 C. where                     D. why

       6. (2013江西) I know ________ I promised to take you to dinner, but I won’t finish working until ten o’clock.

              A. that                  B. if               C. what                       D. why

       7. (2013哈尔滨) —Could you tell me _____________?

—“Rome was not built in a day.” You should try to give it enough chances to become strong.

   A. why I should do to have a good memory

   B. what I can do to have a good memory

   C. how can I have a good memory

考点三：否定前移和宾语从句的简化

1、否定前移

       在主从复合句中，当主句的主语为第一人称，谓语动词是think，believe等时，要将从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。如：

       ① I don’t think I could lift it. 我想我提不起它。

       ② I don’t believe that he will come with you. 我认为他不会和你一起来。

2、宾语从句的简化

       ①当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同，且主句的谓语动词是hope,wish，decide，agree,

choose等时，从句可简化为不定式结构。如：

       I hope that I can receive your e-mail. = I _____________________ your e-mail.

       ②当宾语从句的主语和主句的主语相同，且主句的谓语动词是know，remember，forget，

learn等时，从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。如：

       She doesn’t know what she should do next. = She doesn’t know __________________ next.

       ③当主句的谓语动词是ask，tell，show，teach等时，且宾语从句的主语和主句的间接宾语一致时，从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。如：

       Will you please show me how I can work it out?

              = Will you please show me ______________________?

       ④宾语从句可以简化为名词或名词短语。如：

       I don’t believe what Tom said. = I don’t believe Tom’s words. 我不相信汤姆的所说的话。

宾语从句专项练习

       1. (2013天津) —I don’t know ________.

—Because he has to look after his mother.

A. why he is leaving                                                 B. why is he leaving

C. whether he is leaving                                    D. whether is he leaving

       2. (2013内江) Could you tell me ________ a great actress?

         A. how Zhao Wei has become                                  B. how did Zhao Wei become

         C. how became Zhao Wei                                        D. how does Zhao Wei become

       3. (2013聊城) Please tell me ________ to improve my English.

         A. what I can do                    B. what can I do          C. how I can do                 D. how can I do

       4. (2013宜宾) —Would you like to tell me ________?

—Sure. Practice makes perfect.

         A. how can I study English well                                 B. why do I learn English well

         C. how I can study English well                                 D. why I learn English well

       5. (2013泰安) —Excuse me, could you tell me where ________?

—Sure, sir. You can try www. taobao.com.

         A. can I join in the group-buying                        B. did I join in the group-buying

         C. I can join in the group-buying                        D. I joined in the group-buying

6. (2013连云港) —Excuse me. Can you tell me ________?

—At about 8 o’clock, sir.

A. what time the plane will reach Beijing     

B. what time will the plane arrive in Beijing

C. what time the plane will arrive Beijing

D. what time will the plane get to Beijing

7. People in Yancheng are proud of ________ they have achieved in the past thirty years.

A. how                        B. which          C. what               D. when

8. He said ________he would come back in a week.

A. when                               B. what                     C. that                               D. why

9. Do you know ________ I saw yesterday? It was my favorite star, Jackie!

A. whom                          B. when               C. where                    D. how

10. There are no words to describe ________ I miss my hometown.

A. how much                B. how many        C. how soon                       D. how long

宾语从句专项练习

参考答案

 

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