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阅读理解解题技巧点拨·细节理解题阅读指导

(2013-01-28 11:59:10)
标签:

阅读理解

解题技巧点拨

细节理解题

阅读指导

教育

分类: 教学手记

细节理解题阅读指导

 

阅读理解是中考的必考题型,因为它能全面快速地反映出学生的英语水平。阅读理解题型有很多种,但从命题角度来看,通常可以分为四种:即事实细节题、推理判断题、猜测词义题和主旨大意题。

事实理解题主要考查学生对文章中的细节与具体事实的把握能力,内容涉及询问事实、原因、结果和目的等,属于浅层次的理解题,难度较低。同学们需要在有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读,发现文章中的细节信息,然后遵循由整体到细节的原则,把握作者的思路,按全文段落词语的步骤来解题。

一、命题特点

事实细节题的考点非常明确,主要有以下几处:

1、列举信息处常考。

文章中first…second, to begin with, in addition, on one hand, on the other hand等并列关系出现的地方,常会要求考生从所列的内容中,选择符合题干要求的选项。

2、举列与打比方之处常考。

考生要对那些引出例子或比喻的标志词,如as, such as, for example, for instance等加以注意,因为这些词是作者为使自己的观点更具说服力而用来引出具体事例的,这些事例就是常考的细节处。

3、指示代词出现处常考。

这类考题常用来考查学生是否真正了解上下文句子之间的逻辑关系。

4、引用人物论断处常考。

作者为正确表达自己的观点或使论点更有依据,常会引用某些权威人士的论断或采纳其重要的发现。

5、特殊标点符号后的内容常考。

因为特殊标点符号后的内容往往是对前面内容的进一步解释或说明,同学们注意到这些标点,也就注意到了细节。这些特殊符号包括表示解释的破折号、括号和冒号以及表示引用的引号等。

另外,事实细节题的选项也很有特点:通常正确答案不是照搬的原文;干扰选项则正好相反,有的来自原文信息,但不是题目要求的内容 ;有的符合常识,但不符合原文内容;有的与原句内容极为相似,只是在程度上有些变动;有的与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反;也有的是部分正确或部分错误。

二、解题方法

1. 跳读查找法。

这个方法的要点在于先看题干,带着问题读文章。以what, who, where, when, why, how 提问的问题,可以从文章中直接找到答案。同学们做这类题时可以边读边做记号,能加强阅读的针对性,提高做题的准确率,节省宝贵的时间,这是做事实细节题最基本也是最常用的方法。一般来说,细节题主要考查考生对某句话或某几句话的理解,同学们若能根据题干内容从原文中找到相关的句子,然后进行比较和分析,便可确定最佳答案。

另外,运用跳读查找法解题时,同学们要特别注意试题以及选项与原文之间的适当变换。根据近几年的中考题情况来看,很少有直接用原文中的句子进行考查和测试的,通常要进行一定的处理,而这种处理主要就是进行语义转换,其中包括同义变换、概念解析、归纳事实等。

例:2011年湖北黄冈卷

I had the meanest (最刻薄的) mother in the whole world. While other kids ate candy for breakfast, I had to have porridge, eggs or toast. When others had Cokes and candy for lunch, I had to eat a sandwich. But at least I wasn’t alone when I was sad. My sister and two brothers had the same mean mother as I did.

   1. How many children does the writer’s mother have?

A. Four.         B. Two.        C. Three.        D. Six.

 

2. 排除法

排序题也属于事实细节题的一种题型,它通常出现在说明文中。这类文章有明显的信息词,如first, to begin with, after that, afterwards, later, next, second, third, then, finally等。按照信息词的提示阅读,可以加快理解的进程。在做细节排序题时,首先要确定首或尾的答案,通常四个选项中会有两个选项的顺序类似,正确答案往往在这两个选项中选择,找到两者的不同之处,回到原文,进行核对,一旦确定,后面的排序就不用再比较了。

例:2011年天津卷

A topiary gardener should make a drawing first. The drawing shows the final shape that the gardener likes. The gardener then chooses a bush for the topiary. It may be one that just planted or one that is already in place.

In June of the plant’s first year, the gardener looks for new leaves. When the leaves grow, it’s time to shape (……造型) the bottom of the bush. It needs about five years. The top is not trimmed during this time. In the fifth year, the bush grows tall enough for shaping. Then the gardener begins to shape the whole bush.

   2. Put the following in the right order according to the passage.

a. The gardener chooses a bush for the topiary.

b. The whole bush grows tall enough for shaping.

c. The gardener begins to shape the bottom of the bush.

d. The gardener draws the shape of a topiary.

A. d→a→b→c     B. b→c→a→d      C. a→d→c→b     D. d→a→c→b

 

3. 简单计算法

数字计算题也是事实细节题的一种,要求对文章中提到的数据进行简单的加减乘除运算,以便得出符合题目要求的数据。解答这类题目时,考生首先要弄清题干的要求是什么,然后找到与它相关的数字,再对它们进行分析、整合,最后计算出正确答案。

例:2011年上海卷

When we cut down the rainforests, we destroy these forest people, too. In 1900, there were 1,000,000 forest people in the Amazon forest. In 1980, there were only 200,000.

   3. The number of the people living in the Amazon forest in 1980 was ________of that in 1900.

A. half         B. one-third         C. two-fifths        D. one-fifth

 

细节题占阅读理解的比例很大,阅读时要特别注意以下几点:

第一,阅读时,利用这类关键词和词组that is to say, above all, especially, mainly等,把握文章的思路和脉络。另外在问题的选项中表示绝对意义的词first (第一),least (最不),always (总是),never(永不),all(所有),none(一个也不),any(任何) 和表示唯一性的词汇only(只有) , just(仅仅),往往是命题的陷阱,因此要多加注意。

第二,阅读时,必须以原文提供的事实、细节和逻辑关系为依据,切忌把自己的观点和看法与原文或作者的观点、看法混为一谈。

第三,文章中的数字、日期、时间都是设题的重点,此类题目很少是文章中表层出现的数字或日期,通常需要做简单的计算。

阅读能力的提高非一朝之功,需要一个过程。同学们应该持之以恒,进行有计划、有目的的阅读实践,提高阅读能力。

文化类阅读真题练习与解析

2011 福建厦门)

Most have heard of the American Prom. This is the senior students’ school leaving party. The British name for the event is a Leavers’ Ball or Leavers’ Dinner, although some UK schools call them Proms, too. In Canada , Ireland and Australia the terms “Grad” or “Formal” are most common and in South Africa it is called a Matric Dance.

Some Matric Dances in South Africa still follow the old British traditions. Before the dance, pupils are given lessons in dancing. School leavers invite a partner to the dance. The girls have dresses especially made for the event. To save costs, the dance is often held in the school hall.

American Proms have become elaborate (精心的) and expensive, complete with luxury hotel ballrooms, live bands and expensive prom dresses. They now include after-Prom activities that often extend into the early morning of the next day.

The Levers’ Ball in the UK is not so formal. The girls also wear ball gowns and the boys, suits. A dinner and disco will be held at a local hotel. Each pupil buys a ticket and can go with a partner or just arrive with friends.

   4. We learn from this passage that the Prom is a _____.

A. test              B. game                C. party

   5. In Australia, people call “Prom” _____.

A. Leavers’ Ball      B. Grad or Formal        C. Matric Dance

   6. The most important activity in the Prom is _____.

A. dancing           B. eating               C. meeting

   7. The Matric Dance is often held in the _____.

A. school hall         B. hotel ballroom        C. local restaurant

   8. According to this passage, the event in _____ costs the most.

A. the United States    B. the UK              C. South Africa

 

 

【参考答案与解析】

1. A。题干的特殊疑问词是how many,文章没有直接点明有几个孩子,但是锁定文章第一段的最后一句My sister and two brothers had the same mean mother as I did,便可得知作者有一个姐妹和两个兄弟,最后还要记得把作者计算在内,这也是很多学生解题时容易忽略的地方,故答案为A

2. D。从第一段的第一句话make a drawing first,确定d排在首,因此排除BC选项,将答案锁定在AD中。由两个选项可知,确定bc的先后顺序为关键点,由第二段第2句和第5句话,可确定c在前,所以答案为D

3. D。由文章可知,1900年时在亚马逊森林的人的数量是1,000,000,而1980年人数仅为200,000200,0001,000,0001/5,所以答案为D

 

文化类阅读真题练习与解析

本文主要介绍了目前在一些西方国家流行的毕业聚会“Prom,同时讲述了这一形式在不同国家的具体做法。

4. C。细节理解题。根据第1段第2句“This is the senior students school leaving party.”可知正确答案为C

5. B。细节理解题。根据第1段第4句“In Canada, Ireland and Australia the terms Grad

or Formal are most common”可知,正确答案为B

6. A。推理判断题。根据第2段第2Before the dance以及第3School leavers invite a partner to the dance,以及文中“dance”一词的反复出现,可知跳舞是最重要的活动,所以正确答案为A

7. A。细节理解题。整个第2段都是对Matric Dance的介绍,根据这段最后一句To save costs, the dance is often held in the school hall.可知,正确答案为A

8. A。推理判断题。根据第3段第1句“American Proms have become elaborate and expensive, complete with luxury hotel ballrooms, live bands and expensive prom dresses. 可推断出,美国的毕业聚会花费最多,所以正确答案为A

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