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make, let, have, take用法说明

(2011-11-29 03:49:08)
标签:

杂谈

分类: English
使役动词make用法说明
 
make 用作使役动词,表示“使”,使用时注意以下几点:
1. 后接不定式的复合结构作宾语时,不定式不能带 to;但是,若make为被动语态,则不定式必须带to。

如:
Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 虽然他曾经常把他小妹妹弄哭,但今天他被他小妹妹弄哭了。
注意,若make不表示“使”,而表示其他意思则情况不同,比如下面两句,make后的不定式不是宾语补足语,而是目的状语:
We make candles to give light. 我们做蜡烛照明。
He made a box to put his money in. 他做了个盒子来装钱。

2. 其后除可接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语外,还可以接以下成分:
(1) 接过去分词作宾语补足语。如:
He tried to make his ideas known. 他设法让别人知道他的想法。
She had to shout to make herself heard. 她必须大声喊才能让人听见她说话。
注意,其后通常不接现在分词作宾语补足语。如:
他让司机在外面等他。
误:He made the driver waiting for him outside.
正:He had the driver waiting for him outside.

(2) 接形容词作宾语补足语。如:
Have I made myself clear? 我的意思说清楚了吗?
We’ll do our best to make you happy. 我们会尽一切努力使你幸福。
(3) 接介词短语作宾语补足语。如:
Sit down and make yourself at home. 请坐,不要拘束。
3. make(使)通常不接现在分词的复合结构作宾语。要表示使某人 或某事一直做某事或处于做某事的状态中,英语可用 have sb doing sth。如:
他讲的滑稽的笑话使大家都笑了。
误:His funny joke made everyone laughing.
正:His funny joke made everyone laugh.
 
 
 动词let用法说明
 
1. 用作使役动词,表示“让”,其后接不定式的复合结构时,不定式不带 to。如:
Let me have a try. 我来试一试。
Let me pay for myself. 让我自己来付我的那份钱。
If you want help, let me know, will you? 如果你需要帮助,告诉我,好吗?
用作宾语补足语的动词与副词连用时,若意思明确,往往省略动词而只保留副词。如:
Let him (come) in. 让他进来。
Let her (pass) by. 让她过去。
另外,let 很少用于被动语态。在被动语态中可改用 allow或其他表达。如:
After questioning he was allowed to go home. 经过问讯后,他得到允许,可以回家。
2. 比较 let us 与 let’s:let us 的 us 既可指说话者一方(此时表示请求或命令),也可以指说话者和听话者双方(此时表示建议或劝诱,此用法在语体上较正式);而 let’s 中的’s(=us) 则只能指说话者和听话者双方(表示建议或劝诱),不能指说话者一方(即不能用来表示命令或请求)。比较:
让我们告诉你我们在博物馆里看到的情况。
误:Let’s tell you what we saw in the museum.
正:Let us tell you what we saw in the museum.
我们做朋友吧。
正:Let’s be friends.(较口语化)
正:Let us be friends.(较正式)
在反意问句中,表示请求或命令时,用 will you;表示建议或劝诱时,用 shall we。如:
我们一起去游泳好吗?
正:Let’s go swimming together, shall we?(较口语化)
正:Let us go swimming together, shall we?(较正式)
让我们跟你一起去好吗?
正:Let us go with you, will you?
误:Let’s go with you, will you [shall we]?
let’s 的否定式可以是 let’s not, don’t let’s。如:
Let’s not hurry. / Don’t let’s hurry. 我们不要太急。
 
 
 “have+宾语+动词”结构归纳
 
“have+宾语+动词”这结构中的动词可以有多种形式,且表示的含义也各不相同,现分述于下:
1. have+宾语+不定式(作定语)
该结构中的不定式用作定语修饰其前的名词。如:
(1) 表示“有……要……”。如:
I have a few letters to write. 我有几封信要写。
We have a lot of work to do. 我们有许多工作要做。
(2) 表示“有……的……”。如:
Birds have the instinct to learn to fly. 鸟有飞的本能。
She didn’t have the courage to refuse. 她没有勇气拒绝(即没有拒绝的勇气)。

2. have+宾语+动词原形(作宾语补足语)
(1) 表示叫(使、让)某人做某事,其中的 have 是使役动词。如:
He had his son clean the car. 他叫他的儿子擦车。
I’ll have Hudson show you to your room. 我让哈德逊带你去看你的房间。

(2) 用于否定式,表示“不能让”或“从未有人”,通常与 won’t 连用。如:
I won’t have you tell me what to do. 我不能让你对我做的事指手划脚。

3. have+宾语+现在分词(作宾语补足语)
(1) 表示使(让)某人或某物一直不停地做某事。如:
I have the car waiting. 我让汽车等着。
He had us laughing all through the meal. 他弄得我们整个吃饭时间都欢笑不止。

(2) 表示客观上有某情况在进行或持续。如:
We have people standing on our steps all day. 我们的台阶上整天站着人。
I looked up and found we had water dripping through the ceiling. 我抬头一看,发现有水渗过天花板滴下来。

(3) 表示使(让)某人开始做起某事来。如:
He soon had them all laughing. 他很快逗得大家都笑了。
I have them all talking to each other. 我使得他们全都相互交谈起来。

(4) 表示将要发生的事。如:
I have guests coming. 我有客人要来。(现在分词用作宾语补语)
It’s lovely to have children playing in the garden again. 孩子们又来到园子里玩耍,这很有意思。

(5) 表示说服或命令某人做某事。如:
He had me doing all kinds of jobs for her. 他叫我为她做各种事情。

(6) 表示经过一段时间达到的效果。如:
He had me swimming in a week. 他一个星期就教会我游泳了。
I’ll have you speaking English in six months. 我要你6个月内就开口讲英语。

(7) 表示容忍或允许某人做某事,主要用于否定式,常与 won’t, can’t 连用。如:
I won’t have you telling me what to do. 我用不着你来对我指手画脚。
She won’t have the boys arriving late. 她不允许这些男孩子迟到。

(8) 表示遭遇令have的主语不愉快的事。如:
If film-stars put their numbers in telephone books they’ d have everyone ring them up. 电影明星们如果把他们的电话号码列入电话簿,就会招致所有的人给他们打电话。
If you don’t put a fence round your garden you’ll have people walking in and stealing your fruit. 如果你不把你的果园用篱笆围起来,人们会走进来偷摘果子。
 

“have+宾语+分词”结构用法归纳
 
一、have+宾语+现在分词
(1) 使(让)某人(某事物)一直做在做某事:
He had the light burning all night. 他让灯亮了一整夜。
Within minutes he had the whole audience laughing and clapping. 没出几分钟他就让全体听众笑起来,鼓起掌来。
(2) 容忍或允许某人做某事(用于否定句,尤与 won’t, can’t连用):
He won’t have boys arriving late. 他不允许孩子们迟到。
I won’t have you smoking at your age. 我不能让你在这个年纪就抽烟。
(3) 说服或命令某人做某事:
He had me doing all kinds of jobs for her. 他叫我为她做各种事情。
 
二、have+宾语+过去分词
(1) 请(让)别人做某事:
We had the machine repaired. 我们请人修理了机器。
Why don’t you have your hair cut? 你为什么不理发?
【注】有时指无意志的行为:
He had his salary raised. 他加薪了。
(2) 经历或遭遇某情况:
He had his finger cut. 他的手指弄伤了。
I had my watch stolen yesterday. 我的表昨天被人偷去了。
(3) 完成或解决某事:
He had 1000 yuan saved last year. 他去年存了1000元。
I’ve had all my mistakes corrected. 我已把所有的错误都改正过来了。
(4) 容忍或允许做某事(用于否定句,尤与 won’t, can’t 等连用):
We won’t have anything said against the Party. 我们不允许有人这样攻击党。



-------------------------------------------

1. bother 麻烦,费事,费劲
用于have bother (in) doing sth,表示“做某事费劲”。如:
Did you have much bother (in) finding his office? 你是不是费了很大的劲才找到他的办公室?
We had quite a lot of bother (in) getting here because of the fog. 因为有雾,我们费了很大的劲才到达这儿。

比较其他相关结构:
(1) 用于save sb the bother of doing sth,意为“省得某人麻烦去做某事”,其中的bother后要接of doing sth。如:
I should have phoned the shop first and saved myself the bother of going there. 我本来应该先给商店打个电话的,这样也就省得我走一趟。
(2) 用于go to (all) the bother of doing sth,意为“费心做某事”“不怕麻烦做某事”。如:
I’m not going to the bother of writing again. She never writes back. 我不想费心再给她写信了,她从不回信的。

2. difficulty 困难
用于have difficulty (in) doing sth,表示“做某事有困难”。如:
I had the greatest difficulty in persuading him. 为了说服他,我费了好大的力气。
We have much difficulty (in) understanding what he says. 我们要理解他说的话有不少困难。
该句型中的动词 have 有时可用 find, there be 换之。如:
He finds little difficulty learning English. 他觉得学习英语没什么困难。
There is much difficulty in finding his office. 费了很大的劲才找到他的办公室。

3. fun 趣味,有趣
用于have fun (in) doing sth,表示“做某事有意思(有趣)”。如:
We had great fun comparing our baby pictures. 我们比较宝宝的照片觉得很有趣。
We had fun riding our bicycles to the beach today. 我们今天骑自行车去海滨玩得很开心。
该句型中的动词 have 有时可用 find, (there) be 换之。如:
There’s no fun in spending the evening doing nothing. 晚上无事可干,很无聊。
There’s no fun in spending the whole evening playing cards. 整个晚上打扑克牌没有意思。(LL)

4. luck 运气
用于have luck (in) doing sth,表示“做某事时有运气(走运)。如:
She had good luck in finding a new job quickly. 她很快便找到了一份新的工作,真幸运。
He cursed his bad luck in arriving just after she’d left. 他骂自己运气不好,他到达时她刚走。
其中的动词 have 有时可用 (there) be 换之。如:
Often there is an element of luck in getting the right answer. 答对题目通常需要一点点运气。
比较相关句型:
So far I have had no luck with finding a job. 我找工作一直不走运。
We had the luck to find good childcare quite quickly. 我们运气好,很快就找到了不错的托儿所。

5. trouble 困难,麻烦
用于have trouble (in) doing sth,表示“做某事有困难”。如:
He was having trouble hearing her. 他发现要听清楚她说话很困难。
At first she had a little trouble following the lectures. 起初她上课听讲有点困难。
No, I don’t know his number—I have quite enough trouble remembering my own. 不,我不知道他的号码,我光记自己的号码就够困难的了。
I have some trouble in reading her handwriting. 我认她的笔迹有些困难。
We had no trouble (in) finding his house. 我们没费吹灰之力就找到了他的家。

6. a good time (与have连用)玩得开心
用于have a good time (in) doing sth,表示“做某事很开心”。如:
We had a good time (in) playing tennis. 我们打网球打得很开心。
比较相关句型:
It’s a good time for buying [to buy] a house. 是买房子的好时机。

7. a hard time (与have连用)过得很辛苦
用于have a hard time (in) doing sth,表示“做某事很辛苦”。如:
I had a hard time finding you. 我找你费了好大劲。
The two friends had a hard time getting here. 两位朋友到这里来一路辛苦。
I had a hard time (in) getting them to see the point. 我费了很大劲儿才让他们明白我的意思。

8. job 工作;费力的事;任务
用于have a job (in) doing sth,表示“做某事有困难(很费力)”,与have difficulty (in) doing sth同义。如:
We had quite a job finding your house. 我们费了很大的劲才找到你的家。
You’ll have a job convincing them that you’re right. 要让他们信服你是对的还要费点劲。
We were only given an hour to do the exam, and I had a job finishing the paper. 我们考试的时间只有一个小时,我好不容易才做完了卷子。
其中的job有时可用hard, difficult修饰,其中的(in) doing sth有时也可换成不定式。如:
He had a hard job to make himself heard. 他好不容易才让别人听到他的声音。
注意,下面一句中的doing sth为句子主语,其前不能有介词in:
It was quite a job finding his flat. 找到他的寓所可不是件容易事。(句中的finding也可换成to find)
比较相关结构:
(1) 表示“做某事的工作(任务)”,其后可接of doing sth。如:
A food processor makes the job of preparing food a lot easier. 一个食品加工机使做饭容易了许多。
She’s taken on the job of organizing the Christmas party. 她接受了筹办圣诞晚会的任务。
(2) 用于do [make] a good job of doing sth(其中的good也可换成其他形容词),其意为“把某事做得好(不好等)”:
She did a splendid job of decorating the house for the party. 她为了晚会把房子装饰得非常漂亮。
She made a very good job of covering up the damage. 她非常老练地完成了掩盖损失的任务。
其中的of doing sth有时也可换成in doing sth(其中的good也可换成其他形容词),其意为“把某事干得好(不好等)”。如:
The police did an admirable job in keeping the fans calm. 警察把球迷们的秩序整得很好,令人敬佩。
(3) 有时可直接跟现在分词作定语。如:
She got a temporary job stacking shelves. 她找到一份整理货架的临时工作。

9. problem 困难
用于have a problem (in) doing sth,表示“做某事有困难”。如:
Did you have any problems (= difficulties) getting here? 你到这儿来遇到困难了吗?
若表示“做某事的困难”,则可后接 of doing sth。如:
Most students face the problem of funding themselves while they are studying. 大多数学生在求学期间都会面临经济来源的问题。

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