Lesson 7

I was having breakfast when the telephone rang.

 

While/when/as we are having a party, the lights went out. (从句动词是延续动词时，可互换。不是延续动词只能用as引导。)

 

some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield.

 

As I was getting on the bus, I slipped and hurt my foot. (正当要……) 。“边……边……”As my mother sang those old songs, tears ran down her cheeks.“随着”As the time went on，the weather got worse.

 

Lesson 14

过去完成时态：

After I had left a small village in the south of France, I drove on to the next town.

 

As soon as he had got into the car, I said good morning to him in French. (as soon as意思是 just after)

 

As soon as the sun had set we returned to our hotel.

 

I'll go with you as soon as I finish my work. (条件状语从句和时间状语从句在表达将来时时用现在时。)

 

When he had finished lunch he asked for a glass of water.

 

I had nearly reached the town, when the young man suddenly said……

 

When the police arrived, the thief had run away.

 

I had not understood the problem until he explained it.

 

We did not disturb him until he had finished work. (过去完成时，哪个动作在前就用过去完成时态。)

 

He had been very ill before he died.(过去完成时态)

 

其他句型：

 

Apart from（=Except for） a few words, I do not know any French at all.(except for的第一种用法)  The street is empty except for several cars. (except for的第二种用法，非同类事物的比较)

 

As I soon learnt, he was English himself.正如我所很快知道的那样……， 此处as是关系代词，代替逗号后面的句子，本应是I soon learnt that he was English himself.

 

Lesson 15

直接引语变间接引语

“I am busy,”he said.

He says that he is busy.

He said that he was busy.

 

“I broke the plate,” he said.

He says that he broke the plate.

He said that he had broken the plate.

直接引语变间接引语，时态上，如果主句是过去时，那么从句时态往后推一个，即一般现在时变成一般过去时，一般过去时变成过去完成时……

‘Open the door’ he said to me

He asked me to open the door.

‘Stay at home’ he insisted.

He insisted that I should stay at home.

 

 

Lesson 17

真实条件句：

If anyone ever asks her how old she is, she always answers…(条件句，主句是一般现在时态，从句也是一般现在时态。)

 

If I have enough money, I will travel around the word.

If you have finished the homework, you can see the movie.

If he is sleeping, don’t disturb him. （主句是将来或表示将来意义，从句应使用现在时表将来，包括一般现在、现在完成和现在进行）

 

Must

She must/has to go shopping now. she had to go shopping yesterday. She will have to go shopping tomorrow (must/have to 表必须，非现在时中，不能用must) 

She must be at least thirty-five years old.(must表推测，不能用have to)

Over a hundred people must have been driven away from their homes by the noise.(must have done过去的推测。Lesson 21)

 

pay the bill 付账 (19)

 

 

 

Lesson 18

can  may  might  could都可表示请求，can you…  表示推测

 

may/might as well  I might as well have them.

 

 

Lesson 20

动名词

V+ing两种形式：1作动名词，作主、宾、表、定 。2作现在分词，形容词做定语，对名词的功能和用途作限定 the swimming pool.

 

I am even less lucky.

 

This does not worry me.

 

I never catch anything----not even old boots.

 

I am determined to stay there. But for some reason it could not be used. Drive me mad. ( lesson 21)

 

My daughter, Jane, never dreamed of receiving a letter from a girl of her own age in Holland.

 

 

Lesson 25

We like them in the same way that we like pretty curtain material.(in the same way ……是方式状语从句，从句中way又是先行词that做定语从句的引导词。)

We like them just as we like pretty curtain material.

 

Young children often appreciate modern pictures better than anyone else.

 

Lesson 27

As soon as this was done, they cooked a meal over an open fire.

After a wonderful meal, they told stories and sang songs by the campfire.

Ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners.(since介词+时间点名词，since作连词+时间或原因状语从句)

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             

Lesson 31

Yesterday afternoon Frank Hawkins was telling me about his experiences as (he was) a young man.

As a young boy he used to work in a small shop.

He saved money for years and in 1958 he bought a small workshop of his own.

 

Lesson 35

The one with the money got such a fright that he dropped the bag.

She is going to set out from the French coast at five o’clock in the morning.

Hope to do /hope that

Among them will be Debbie’s mother, who swam the Channel herself.

She will have something to drink. (不定时作定语)

 

 Lesson 38

He had no sooner returned than he bought a house and went to live there.(主句常用过去完成时，than后面的从句用一般过去时。一……就……)

He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house and left the country（几乎还没来得及就。）

上面的两句中，如果hardly和no sooner放在句首，要使用部分倒装，

Hardly had he fallen asleep when the telephone rang.

She had hardly seen it when the woman said she did not like it. =no sooner had she seen it than the woman……=on seeing it, the woman said she did not like it.

 

 

It rained continually. 频繁的下雨

The river flows under this bridge continuously.不停的流 nonstop

 

His eyes were fixed on her plate.   be fixed on = stare at

 

Lesson 43

for the first time,首次，

 

Though, at first, Byrd and his men were able to take a great many photographs of the mountains that lay below, they soon ran into serious trouble.

 

It seemed certain that their plane would crash.

seem=appear系动词 用法，he seems to be rich/rich/a rich man.

 

情态动词could 与was/were able to ，前者只能是可能性may might,但后者是做成了某事，

I could get the job,可能，I was able to get the job.已经做到。

He didn’t agree with me at first but I was able to persuade him.他开始不同意我的观点，但我最终说服了他。

 

Lesson 46

How do you account for this?

Go to extremes走极端

 

No one could account for the fact that one of the boxes was extremely heavy. 同位语从句，that在此是连词，可省，不作成分，（与定从区别之一） 同位语对先行词仅仅是解释，而定语从句有修饰和限制之意。

 

After he was arrested, the man admitted hiding in the box before the plane left London.

 

 

Lesson 49

Tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man in Teheran saved up for years to(目的状语=in order to /so as to ) buy a real bed.前面句子和后面是因果关系。

分词作状语：由状语从句变来的，过去分词表被动，现在分词表主动。

If he turns to the left, he will …… =turning to the left, he will……

While I was walking to school, I met……= walking to school, I met……

As I didn’t receive her letter, I called her up. = Not receiving her letter, I called her up.

When she was asked if she had any bad habbit, she answered  that she was a heavy smoker.= asked if she had any ……

I stood there awkwardly, as I didn’t know what to say.= I stood there awkwardly, not knowing what to say.

因being 分词作状语时常常可以省略，故造就了形容词短语直接作状语，上句中本是being tired of

 

状语从句的省略，主语与系动词一般要同时省去。

 

After he had put it on the floorm, he promptly went to sleep again. Prompty迅速的，immediately, at once, right away,  

 

 

We have just moved into a new house and I have been working hard all morning. I have been trying to get my new room in order.现在完成进行时，从过去某时发生强调以致持续到现在的动作，这个动作通常没有完成，或者完成也是刚刚完成。注意与现在完成时区别一下几个句子说明：

He has rung me up five times since 12 o’clock.

He has been ringing me up all morning.

It hasn’t rained for six weeks.

It has been raining hard since yesterday and it is still raining.

 

 

Lesson 55

A new machine called ‘The Revealer’ has been invented and it has been used to detect gold which has been buried in the ground. Called 是过去分词作定语。

 

The machine was used in a cave near the seashore where--- it is said--- pirates used to hide gold.

分割性定语从句，定语从句与先行词被隔开，习惯于短的放在前面，长的放在后面，常把定从后移动。这样做的前提是先行词与定从中间隔开的部分不会引起歧义，通常不太长的介词短语。

 

Armed with the new machine, a search party went into the cave hoping to find buried treasure.

Be armed with武装上，带上，hoping现在分词作原因状语表主动关系。

Eg, armed with my luggage, I went to the station hoping to catch the last train home.

 

 

Lesson 56

A great deal of / a large amount of/ 修饰的是不可数

Once a year(annually), a race is held for old cars.

 

Lesson 57

A woman in jeans(介词短语作定语相当于wearing jeans) stood at the window of an expensive(luxury/fancy) shop.

 

She returned to the shop the following moring dressed in a fur coat, with a handbag in one hand and a long umbrellain the other.  dressed 过去分词方式状语, with介词短语作状语，

 

After seeking out the rude assistant(介词+doing)/seaking out（分词）/after she sought out（从句）, she asked for the same dress.

 

 Not realizing who she was, the assistant was eager to serve her this time.= because she didn’t realize who she was, ……或者without realizing  ……

 

She enjoyed herself making the assistant bring almost everything in the window before finally buying the dress she had first asked for.=……before she finally bought the dress……

 

 

Lesson 59

Every time he wanted to come into the garden he would bark until someone opened the gate. Every  time后面省略了when，定语从句的特殊省略，表示时间状语when原因状语why，way 后面的in which都可省，Ididn’t know the reason (why)he refused my help. I don’t like the way (in which) you talk to people.

 

Since .prep +n/coni+句子/ad   不管since 是哪种词，主句通常用现在完成时态。

 

 

Lesson 60

现在时表将来

If it rains tomorrow we shall stay at home.

The moment he arrives, I shall let you know.

I shall wait here until he comes.

As soon as the rain stops, we shall go out.

You must finish your dinner before you leave the table.

I’ll give him the massage when he returns.

 

过去完成时：一个动作从过去一直持续到过去的某时。

Firemmen had been fighting the forest fire for nearly weeks before they could get it under control.

He had already finished work before I arrived.

He had been working in a factory for years before he got the job.

 

 

Lesson 64

it would be well-ventilated if tall chimneys were built above sea level. 过去真实条件,

另：与过去事实相反的假设，if从句用过去完成时态，主句用would have done,

If you had come a little earlier, you would have seem her.

If I had known your telephone number, you would have called you yesterday.

He said it would be possible to build a platform in the centre of the Channel. Would在此是过去将来时。

 

He suggested that a double railwaytunnel should be built.

 

 

 

Lesson 73、

A quiet day’s fishing, or eight hours in a cinema seeing the same film over and over again, is usually as far as they get. seeing(现在分词状语) as far as表程度

 

They have all put to shame by a boy who, while playing truant, travelled 1,600 miles.while（ he was） ……状语前置表示强调

 

The next car the boy stopped did not take him into the centre of Paris as he hopped it would, but to Perpignan on the French-Spanish border. as 引导方式状语从句

 

As they soon discovered, disguises can sometimes be too perfect. As/which引导的定语从句先行词可以是一句话，as 常常放在巨首，“正如”而which一般放在句尾。

 

 

Lesson 78

I lit a cigarette to calm my nerves. I smoked with concentration and pleasure as I was sure that this would be my last cigarette.此处 with +抽象名词表示“……的”as表示因为，for也可，不过for为补充与前面联系不那么紧密一般与前面用逗号隔开。

 

Lesson79

部分倒装：

谓语动词有一部分放在主语之前

The weather was so fine that we all went out lying in the sun.

So fine was the weather that we all went out lying in the sun.

 

Only one occasion have I ever felt frightened.

Never have I seen such a good movie.

 

Lesson 88

 Rescue operations are proving difficult.此处proving是系动词，系动词+adj.表语

另外：the plan proves(to be) practical.

 

As it is, they have been drilling for sixteen hours and they still have a long way to go.as it is为固定搭配，“照目前来看”，as it were“可以说是” jennifer is my idol, as if were, the woman I want to be.