加载中…高中学生英语书面表达存在的典型错误及应对策略
(2011-11-16 08:33:22)
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高中学生英语书面表达存在的典型错误及应对策略
高考英语书面表达题要求考生根据所给提示，如表格、图画、提纲等写出内容连贯、文理通顺、无严重语法和结构错误的100词左右的短文。这看上去似乎很简单，但有些考生却心怀恐惧，在写作时往往感到缺乏表达思想的语感，有口难开，无所适从，得分低，难以取得理想的成绩。英语写作对考生而言是一个很难突破的瓶颈。所以，要想从根本上提高学生的书面表达能力，就要找到学生失分的根源，找到他们在书面表达中哪些方面失分最严重。也就是说，教师先要了解学生书面表达中存在的形形色色的错误，对其进行分析纠正，找出应对策略，使其避免以后再犯类似的错误。笔者根据多年的教学经验，对学生在书面表达中常出现的错误大致归纳为：词汇错误、语法错误、句法错误和语篇错误。
一、词汇错误
1. 拼写错误
在阅卷过程中，最常见的错误就是考生的单词拼写错误。如：环境：enviroment；浪费：wast；破坏：destory；兴奋：excitment等。
[应对策略] 考生在记单词的时候，不但要用眼睛看，还要用心记，多动手写一写。平时也可采取相互听写、比赛等多种形式来加强单词的识记。
2. 词性功能概念不清
(1)同一汉语意思的名词、动词、形容词等混用或错用。
Our environment has been pollution badly. (pollution→polluted)
Smoking is bad for our healthy. (healthy→health)
Reading in bed is harm to our eyes. (harm→harmful)
(2)人称代词主宾格的混用
To keep our healthy, we should eat less snack. (our→us)
[应对策略] 考生在记单词的时候，不仅要牢记单词的意思，还要牢记单词的词性。
3. 用词累赘、用词不当或搭配不当
The box is too heavy for the weak boy to carry it. (删掉it)
Tom was in such a hurry that he forgot his schoolbag at home. (forgot→left)
With the help of her teacher, Zhang Ying got great progress in her study. (got→made)
[应对策略] 用词不当使句子难于达意，如有些同义词由于难以区分，考生在使用时容易混淆，所以，在平时学习过程中考生要掌握一些搭配规律，以避免出现类似错误。
二、语法错误
1. 动词时态和语态错误
Last summer vacation, some of my classmates decide to travel with their friends. (decide→decided)
Schools call on the students to reduce learning load. (call→are called)
[应对策略] 高考书面表达，都要给考生设置一定的情景，而每个情景都应该用一定的时态。所以，考生首先要从文体和语境入手，正确判断动词的时态、语态。一般说来，记叙文讲的是发生了的事情，应以过去时为主；通知是将要发生的事情，以事实为主；说明文、议论文阐明的是事实、论点、论据，以现在时为主，当然也要注意有用综合时态的。其次，考生要自觉形成动词时态语态的意识，养成随时检查动词时态语态有无错误的习惯。
2. 非谓语动词的误用
If heating, water can be changed into steam. (heating→heated)
Don’t forgot taking your umbrella when you leave here. (taking→to take)
The boss made his workers to work more than 12 hours every day. (删掉to)
[应对策略] 要避免这些错误，考生需要具有扎实的语法知识，在平时学习非谓语动词用法时，必须弄清它们之间的相关用法，不要发生混淆了。
3. 汉语式英语
误：Our country has taken place great changes.
正：Great changes have taken place in our country.
误：One day afternoon, we went visited the Zoo.
正：One afternoon, we visited the Zoo.
[应对策略] 要避免汉语式英语的出现，考生需要在平时学习时做到：养成用英语思维进行写作的习惯，注意中西方文化差异所带来的不同表达；平时多归纳总结、纠正汉语式英语；多收听英语广播、收看英语节目、广泛阅读英文原版书籍、报纸及其它英语阅读材料。
三、句法错误
1. 句子残缺
误：As some old people feel lonely. We may chat with them about their old days, changes of our city, or anything they are interested in.
正：As some old people feel lonely, we may chat with them about their old days, changes of our city, or anything they are interested in.
误：Many students have a hard time passing all the tests to get into college. For example my friend in high school.
正：Many students have a hard time passing all the tests to get into college, For example, my friend in high school.
[应对策略] 考生要正确识别句子的类型：若是简单句，要正确判断是简单句的哪一种基本句型，假如是“主+系+表”句型，看看写出来的句子是否完整正确；若是并列句或复合句，看看是否有连词，从句中的句子结构是否完整正确。
2. 句子缺乏连贯性或指代不明
误：He was late for school he was scolded by his teacher.
正：He was late for school so he was scolded by his teacher.
误：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.
正：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.
[应对策略] 句子无论长短，在安排上要合乎逻辑，衔接自然，使句内语义关系明确，句与句之间过渡自然、层次分明。
3. 修饰语错位
误：I believe you can do it well and you will better know the world outside the campus.
正：I believe you can do it well and you will know the world outside the campus better.
误：Jim is such good a teacher that we all like him.
正：Jim is so good a teacher that we all like him.
[应对策略] 英语与汉语不同，英语中同一个修饰语置于句子不同位置，句子的含义可能会发生变化。所以要记住：一般说来，副词常置于实义动词、分词前，助动词、be动词及情态动词后，但是在有些结构中，却不能照搬。
4. 句型单一
原稿：In 2006, Li Jun came to Guangming Middle School. He was the poorest in studies when he came. But the teacher taught him kindly and his classmates helped him warmly. So he becomes a top student after 3 years of hard work.
修改后的作文：With the help of the teacher and his classmates, Li Jun has become a top student after 3 years of hard work though he was very weak in his studies when he came to Guangming Middle School.
[应对策略] 考生如果写简单句，可以避免多犯错误，但是简单句写多了，会给人一种结构松散、单一，主题不突出的感觉。所以，考生要突破这一点，就要在平时训练的过程中，多使用不同的表达方式，比如：合理利用介词或者名词代替动词，简化句子的复杂；把几个意义相近，有一定逻辑关系的句子，运用一定的关联词连接起来；尝试运用倒装句、复合句、强调句、分词等多种表达方式，增强句子的韵律美和表达力。
四、语篇错误
从语篇层面上看，学生的书面表达中出现的错误有：偏离主题；遗漏基本要点；人称混用；段落不清，行文较乱，分不清层次；具体的段落中缺少主题句与结尾句；段落之间缺少承上启下的连接句等。
[应对策略] 动笔之前，一定要花上几分钟，仔细审题，力求做到全面、准确地把握题目所提供的内容、时间、人物、环境、地点、体裁等信息；对于记叙文，可按照事情发展的顺序来描写，或者按照空间顺序来表达，对于议论文，应该按照“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”的思路来安排文章结构，不论怎样安排，都要尽量做到开门见山，结尾自然，前后连贯；为了使文章更加连贯，更具有逻辑性，可以使用一些过渡性词语，如表示时间的：at first，next，then，later，finally；表示列举的：for example，such as，that is (to say)；表示对比的：on one hand…on the other hand，while；表示转折的：however，but，yet；表示因果的：because，so，since，as a result，therefore；表示总结的：in a word，to sum up，to conclude，in brief；表示增补的：besides，moreover，in addition等。
【真题例析】
(2009 四川卷)假设你是李华。你的外国笔友Jane打算于七月来中国，特来信了解中国人的社交习俗。请你用英语回一封信，从以下几个方面作具体介绍。
1.
页面时的问候方式；
3.
接收礼物时的回应方式；
注意：1. 词数100左右，信的开头和结束语已为你写好（不计入总词数）。
2. 可根据内容要点适当增加细节，使行文连贯。
Dear Jane,
Glad to hear from you and you’re welcome to China
in July.
I hope what’s mentioned above might be helpful and wish you a good journey.
【写作解析】
(1)审题：这是常规的书信体提纲式作文，时态应该以现在时为主；(2)内容：介绍中国人的社交习俗，共四个要点。
One possible version
Dear Jane,
Glad to hear from you and you’re welcome to China in July. The following are some Chinese customs.
Firstly, we greet each other by saying “Hello” or asking such questions as “Where are you going?” or “Are you busy?” to express our care. Secondly, when praised, we reply with “Oh, no!” or “I’m over-praised” to show good manners. Next, when receiving a gift, we usually say “It’s unnecessary” besides “Thanks” to show politeness and then put it away. Finally, at dinner parties, we talk loudly and touch glasses when drinking to someone’s health or success to show that we’re warm.
Anyhow, different cultures, different customs. If you “Do as the Romans do when in Rome”, you’ll enjoy more of your stay here.
I hope what’s mentioned above might be helpful and wish you a good journey.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
【即时演练】
一、找出并改正下列句子中的错误。
1. In my opinion, do some sports is good for students.
2. Our school changed more and more beautiful.
3. He saw a man stood by a car.
4. Joan with other three girls have been to Beijing.
5. Fortunate, people are beginning to realise how serious the pollution is.
6. I have returned you the book you lent it to me last week.
7. We were looking for your new coat, we could not find it.
8. The picture is about a poor little boy lived in old China.
9. Every university has many rules and regulations and they must obey all of them.
10. The hospital broke out a fire last night.
二、根据括号内的具体要求转化句子。
1. I want to talk to the boys. Their homework hasn’t been handed in. (简单句变定语从句)
2. Wang Lin works hard at his studies. Li Lei works hard at his studies, too. (用替代及省略)
3. Our library is in the corner of the school. There is a beautiful garden in front of it. (用with复合结构)
4. I’ll stay with my parents for some time, and chat with them and do my homework. (使用分词)
5. To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things. (使用名词性从句)
三、用适当的过渡词语翻译下列句子。
1. 在我们着手做这项工作之前我们得考虑一下花费。另一方面我们还要考虑要花多长时间。
2. 他的建议很有帮助，也容易操作。总之，这是一个很好的建议。
3. 多数学生认为玩电脑游戏对我们有好处，然而别的学生不这么认为。
4. 一开始，他很兴奋，但最后冷静了下来。
5. 第一，应给学生更多的时间锻炼身体；第二，学习条件应该改进。更重要的是，学生应该有足够的睡眠。
参考答案(One possible version)
一、1.
do→doing
6.
删掉it
10. A fire broke out in the hospital last night.
二、1. I want to talk to the boys whose homework hasn’t been handed in.
2. Wang Lin works hard at his studies. So does Li Lei.
3. Our library is in the corner of the school, with a beautiful garden in front of it.
4. I’ll spend some time staying with my parents, chatting with them and doing my homework.
5. What surprises him is that the little girl knows so many things.
三、1. We should consider the cost before we set out to do the work. On the other hand, we need to think about how much time the work will take.
2. His suggestion is helpful and easy to perform. In a word, it is a good one.
3. Most students think playing computer games is good for us. However, other students don’t think so.
4. At first, he was very excited, but in the end he calmed down.
5. Firstly, students should be given more time to take exercise. Secondly, learning conditions need improving. What’s more, students should have enough sleep.
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