William Shakespeare (baptised 26 April 1564 – died 23 April 1616) was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's preeminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "The Bard"). His surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language, and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.

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                            莎士比亚族徽。

威廉·莎士比亚父亲叫约翰·莎士比亚（John Shakespeare），是一个成功的手套商人和市参议员，祖籍斯尼特菲尔德，母亲玛丽·阿登（Mary Arden）是一个富裕的地主的女儿。[4]莎士比亚于1564年4月出生于英格兰沃里克郡雅芳河畔斯特拉特福，根据记录，莎士比亚是在当年4月26日受洗礼。一般认为他的生日是 4月23日，圣乔治日。

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                                                出生地

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                                                  莎翁故居

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                         Globe_theatre_london

十四行诗Sonnet

The sonnet is one of the poetic forms that can be found in lyric poetry from Europe. The term "sonnet" derives from the Occitan word sonet and the Italian word sonetto, both meaning "little song." By the thirteenth century, it had come to signify a poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure. The conventions associated with the sonnet have evolved over its history.

Traditionally, when writing sonnets, English poets usually employ iambic pentameter. In the Romance languages, the hendecasyllable and Alexandrine are the most widely used metres.

常见的三种格：五音步抑扬格，（意大利）11音节体，亚历山大体。

             Italian (petrarchan) sonnet

意大利式分为两段，先八后六。前八句韵牌是 a-b-b-a， a-b-b-a。后六句有两种，c-d-e-c-d-e，或者 c-d-c-c-d-c。第九句不止改韵牌，很多时候为承上启下的过渡句。

The Italian sonnet included two parts. First, the octave (two quatrains), which describe a problem, followed by a sestet (two tercets), which gives the resolution to it. Typically, the ninth line creates a "turn" or volta which signals the move from proposition to resolution.

The octave rhymed a-b-b-a, a-b-b-a pattern. For the sestet there were two different possibilities, c-d-e-c-d-e and c-d-c-c-d-c

                       Hendecasyllable

Hendecasyllable verse is a kind of verse used mostly in Italian poetry, defined by its having the last stress on the tenth syllable. When, as often happens, this stress falls on the penultimate syllable, the line has exactly eleven syllables .

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                           Ludovico Ariosto 

                     English sonnet

The form consists of three quatrains and a couplet. The third quatrain generally introduces an unexpected sharp thematic or imagistic “turn” called a volta. The usual rhyme scheme was a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g-g. In addition, sonnets are usually written in iambic pentameter, meaning that there are 10 or perhaps even 11 or 9 syllables per line, and that every other syllable is naturally accented. The sonnet must be 14 lines long, and the last two lines of the sonnet have rhyming endings .

意大利十四行诗传入英国之后，结构改变。英国类分为3段四句加最后两句。最后的两句通常与前面的大不相同，比意大利类第九句改变更厉害。一般英国十四行诗的韵牌是 a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g-g， 或者 a-b-a-b, b-c-b-c, c-d-c-d, e-e。