More than结构放在句尾的语法分析

例句：

The U.S. in particular has the largest tade peficit in the world with China at $ 315 billion,more than what it was a decade ago.

疑问：

1、后半句在整个句子里做状语吗？

2、后半句里“what  it is a decade ago”做“ three time”的定语从句吗：

3、more than在这里做介词用，相当于over.对吗？

佳宁答复：

叔叔好！

1、这里的more than three times what it is a decade years ago，

应该是做形容词成分，

就近修饰逗号前面的名词$315 billion.

2、这里的more than是做比较结构用，所以than应该是连词。

3、what it is a decade years ago这里有一个语法错误，is应该为was。

此处，what it was是与前文$315 billion并列的比较对象，

并不是定语从句。

这里涉及到的知识点主要为“句尾非限定修饰成分”。

以下是一份比较全面的总结。

附：句尾非限定修饰成分的几种情况

一、句尾形容词短语做伴随状语（adjective的话放在句首句尾都有这个性质，所以把句首的例子也举进来）：
（1）形容词短语做伴随状语时，通常表状态。例如：
1．Full of apologies, the manager approached us．经理向我们走来，嘴里不停地说着抱歉的话。
2．He was too excited, unable to say a word．他太激动了，一句话也说不出来。
3．He stared at the footprint, full of fear．他盯着脚印，满心恐惧。
（2）单个形容词做伴随状语：单个形容词做伴随状语也表示状态，不表动作。例如：
1．He sat there, silent．他一声不响地坐在那儿。
2．Breathless, she rushed in through the back door．穿过后门，他气喘吁吁地冲了进来。
3．He went to bed, cold and hungry．他又冷又饿地上床睡觉了。

二、句尾形容词同时也没有丧失非限定性修饰最近名词的功能（且修饰的是名词词组的核心词），尤其是过去分词(v.-ed)逗号隔开放在句尾。在判断正误时，先看能否做伴随状语修饰主语，如果不能做伴随状语修饰主语，则再要看句尾形容词能否就近修饰名词。二者兼不满足的，就是错句。

三、关于介词短语放在句尾(下面有with短语为例)：
首先，基本上大部分的“介词+noun”放在句尾用逗号隔开都是做状语修饰。
其次，虽然有些介词短语确实能够修饰临近做非限定性修饰，但也是修饰名词短语的核心词。

四、有些形容词叫做appositive modifier，这种形容词用逗号隔开放在句尾，还是习惯于修饰最近的词语。比如different from, (twice) as many/much as
#1. According to a study by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, companies in the United States are providing job training and general education for nearly eight million people, about as many as are enrolled in the nation's four-year colleges and universities.
--> as many as就近修饰eight million people
#2. The army cutworm moth is a critical source of fat for as many as a third of Yellowstone National Park's grizzly bears, which overturn rocks to find the insects, as many as 40,000 per bear in a single day.
--> as many as就近修饰insects
#3. A recent national study of the public schools shows that there is now one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils, four times as many as there were four years ago.
--> as many as修饰one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils

五、其他
（一）more than放在句尾用逗号隔开的修饰对象：
1. more than可以看做副词，也可以看作是比较结构的连接词：看作副词时，more than如thereby,thus这种并不起实际修饰作用，more than短语修饰对象根据more than后面的词决定；看作比较结构时：可以是修饰邻近的名词，也可以是修饰前面整个分句的比较状语，具体遵循比较的规则。
#1. With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States acquired 828,000 square miles for about four cents an acre, more than doubling its size and bringing its western border within reach of the Pacific Ocean.
than为介词，more than作为副词短语，doubling现在分词作为伴随结果状语，因此more than doubling做前面整个分句的伴随结果状语。
#2. Since the movie was released seventeen UFOs have been sighted in the state, more than had been sighted in the past ten years together. 
more than是比较结构引导词，此处是整句属性的比较，所以more than后补出全句概念，than为连词。
#3. It's his manner I dislike, more than anything else.（来自LDOCE）
more than是比较结构引导词，此处是整句属性的比较，但more than后省略I dislike-->主语、谓语都相同。
#4. More than 300 rivers drain into Siberia's Lake Baikal, which holds20 percent of the world's fresh water, more than all the North American Great Lakes combined.
more than是比较结构引导词，此处是整句属性的比较，more than后补出整句概念，但谓语相同都是holds，因此省略。

（二）with放在句尾可以做非限定性修饰，也可以做状语，但以做状语的情况居多：
#1. Those who have visited the Grand Canyon have typically seen layers of sediment in the gaping canyon, with different colors that mark the passage of time like the rings in a tree trunk.
这个是正确选项，with+ n. 作定语非限定性修饰layers。
#2. From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage yet was so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids. 
此处with短语做状语修饰前面整句，或者可以看作修饰crafted，逻辑主语为the Menomini. 这个句子还要注意的一点是：前分句把状语放到了前面，于是with就更接近主语了。即“with与主语离得太远，中间有太多其他内容的时候，这种结构即使不会引起歧义也不是最好的选项”

2019年6月3日清正整理