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初中英语语法之二冠词和数词

(2017-10-31 15:37:17)
标签:

教育

分类: 教育教学

初中英语语法之二冠词和数词

2.1 不定冠词的用法 
  冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词(the Definite Article),另一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article),还有一种是零冠词(Zero Article)。 
  不定冠词(an)与数词one 同源,是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作[e],而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做[en]  
 1) 表示"一个",意为one;指某人或某物,意为certain    Mr. Ling is waiting for you.
 2) 代表一类人或物。 
   knife is tool for cutting with.    Mr. Smith is an engineer.
 3) 词组或成语。 
   little few lot type of pile great many many as rule in hurry in minute in word in short while after while have cold have try keep an eye on all of sudden
2.2 定冠词的用法 
  定冠词the与指示代词thisthat同源,有"那(这)个"的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。 
 1)特指双方都明白的人或物:   Take the medicine. 把药吃了。 
 2)上文提到过的人或事:   He bought house. I've been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。 
 3)指世上独一物二的事物: 
  the sun the sky the moon the earth 
 4)单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:the dollar 美元;
the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人the living 生者。 
 5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only very same等前面: 
   Where do you live? live on the second floor.  你住在哪?我住在二层。 
   That's the very thing I've been looking for.  那正是我要找的东西。 
 6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体: 
  They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)   They are teachers of this school.  (指部分教师)
 7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前: 
  She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。 
 8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前: 
  the People's Republic of China  中华人民共和国      the United States  美国 
 9)用在表示乐器的名词之前:  She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴。 
 10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:    the Greens  格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)
 11) 用在惯用语中: 
   in the day, in the morning (afternoonevening), the day after tomorrow  
      the day before yesterday, the next morning,  
      in the sky (waterfieldcountry)  
      in the dark, in the rain, in the distance,  
      in the middle (of), in the end,
      on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre

2.3 零冠词的用法 
 1) 国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:EnglandMary 
 2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词; 
  They are teachers. 他们是教师。 
 3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词; 
  Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。 
 4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词; 
  Man cannot live without water. 人离开水就无法生存。
 5)在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;
  We go to school from Monday to Friday.  我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
 6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词;
  The guards took the American to General Lee.    士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
 7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词 如:have breakfastplay chess 
 8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词;
  can't write without pen or pencil.  没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。
 9)当by 与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;by busby train 
 10)有些个体名词不用冠词;如:
  schoolcollegeprisonmarkethospitalbedtableclasstownchurchcourt 等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义;
    go to hospital  去医院看病
    go to the hospital  去医院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)
 11)不用冠词的序数词;
 a. 序数词前有物主代词 
 b. 序数词作副词  He came first in the race.
 c. 在固定词组中  at (the) first, first of all,  from first to last

2.4 冠词与形容词+名词结构 
 1) 两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。
   He raises black and white cat.  他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
  The black and the white cats are hers.  这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。
 2) 如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。
   He raises black and white cat.  他养了一只花猫。

2.5 冠词位置 
 1) 不定冠词位置
 不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意: 
 a. 位于下列形容词之后: suchwhatmanyhalf
   have never seen such an animal.    Many man is fit for the job.
 b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后:
   It is as pleasant day as have ever spent.   So short time.   Too long distance.
 c. quiterather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。但当ratherquite 前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可。如:quite lot 
 d. asthough 引导的让步状语从句中,当标语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后: 
    Brave man though he ishe trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢,可见到蛇还是发抖。
   当名词被比较级形容词修饰时,不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。
2) 定冠词位置
  定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all bothdoublehalftwicethree times等词之后,名词之前。    All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。

2.6 数词  
  表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
 一、基数词
  1)基数词写法和读法: 345 three hundred and forty-five
  2)基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数:
   a. of 短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连 用,如scores of people 指许多人;
   b. 在一些表示"一排""一组"的词组里;
  如:They arrived in twos and threes. 他们三三两两的到达了。
   c. 表示"几十岁"
   d. 表示"年代",用 in +the +数词复数;
   e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如:15 Three fives is (are) fifteen.
 二、序数词
  序数词的缩写形式: first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st 
 三、 数词的用法
  1)倍数表示法
   a. 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)as adj. as
    have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。
   b. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)the size (amountlength…) of…
    The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。
   c. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)形容词(副词)比较级than…
   The grain output is percent higher this year than that of last year.  今年比去年粮食产量增加8%
   d. 还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍
   The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 今年粮食产量增加了4倍。
  2)分数表示法
  构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数:
  1/3 one-third  3/37 three and three-sevenths.

 

数词用法知多少

近几年的中考中,经常有涉及数词方面的知识,也是学生经常出错的地方。本文就数词的用法作一归纳,供大家在复习中参考。

一、 除了从1-12个基本数词(基数词)用不同的词表达外,从13-19后都有-teen后缀。如:

one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen fourteen fifteensixteen,  seventeen eighteen nineteen

二、 2090之间表整十的数词都跟后缀-ty如:

  twenty thirty forty fifty sixty eighty ninety

  表示几使几用整十加个位数构成,中间用连字符“-”。如:

  twenty-one thirty-two forty-three fifty-four ninety-six

三、 表示几百,几千,几百万,十亿用数词1-9hundredthousand,  millionbillion构成。如:

  four hundred five thousand seven million,  nine billion

  注意:几百几十之间一般用and连接。如:

  three hundred and forty- nine six hundred and seven

四、 表示不确定的数百数百万数千数十亿时,用“hundreds”“thousands”“millions”“billions”“of”构成。如:

  There are hundreds of teachers in our school.   Thousands of students are studying in our school.

  The mountain is covered with billions of trees.

五、 表示顺序的词(序数词)除1-3外,其余的后面都有后缀-th如:

  first second thirdfourth fifth ninth eleventh twelfth

六、 整十的序数词后面是由基数词变yi,再加eth构成。如:

  twenty→ twentieth eighty→eightieth,  ninety→ninetieth

  其余的整数加个位数构成的词,只变个位数为序数词即可。如:

  twenty-nine→twenty-ninthforty-five→forty-fifthfifty-six→fifty-sixthsixty-seven→sixty-seventhninety-seven→ ninety-seventh

七、 序数词前一般加定冠词the,但有时加不定冠词表示又一再一等。如:

I have tried twice. I want to try a third time.

He has failed three times. He will try a fourth time.

八、 数词与名词连用时,如几号,几班,几年级,房间号及邮编号码时,首字母都大写。如:

  Number One Class Three Grade Two Room 218 Zip Code 257091

九、 表示倍数的大小时,两倍用twice表达,三倍以上用数词加times表达。如:

  My school is twice as large as theirs.

  Five times seven is 35.

十、分数的表达:分子基数词,分母序数词,分子大于1,分母加s如:

  1/4→ one fourth3/4→ three fourthsthree quarters), 1/5→ one fifth 4/5 →four fifths

十一、小数的表达,小数点读作point,其余的按基数词读出。如:

0.2 →zero point two 5.79 →five point seven nine

十二、百分数的表达,百分号读作percent如:

  10%→ ten percent 16%→ sixteen percent 0.7% →point seven percent,  89%→eighty-nine percent

十三、数词算式表达:+→plus,-→minus×→multiplied  ÷→divided如:

  5+7→five plus seven 93→nine minus three,  8×9→eight multiplied by nine,  64÷8→sixty divided by eight,  65 →the ratio of six to five 42 →four squared 33→three-cubed 54→the fourth power of five

十四、与数有关的几个常用单词及词组。如:

 half 一半, a dozen 一打, dozens of 几十, a score 二十, scores of 许多,  severala few),几个,数个

巩固训练

1. About ________ of the workers are young man.

A. third fifths       B. three fifths        C. three fives       D three fifth

2.  The computer of this kind can work _______ than that kind.

A. hundreds of times faster     B. hundred of times faster  C. hundred times faster    D. a hundred time faster

2. Two ____________ died of flu last year.

A. hundred old people       B. hundreds of old people  C. hundreds of people       D. hundreds old people

3. He graduated in _________ of __________ centrury.

A. the sixtieth; twenty       B. sixty; the twentieth   C. the sixties; the twentieth         D. sixty; twenty

4. The two great men wrote those letters in __________.

A. 1870’s       B. 1870s        C. the 1870’s        D. the 1870

5. I wonder if I can ask him ____________ time.

A. four         B. fourth        C. the fourth        D. a fourth

 

冠词

不定冠词a/an

一、用aan填空:

1. ____ honest boy     2. ____ ugly man     3. ____ useful tool 4. ____ one-act play

5. ____ uncle      6. ____ uniform 7. ____ university 8. _____ hour

9. ____ umbrella 10. _____ interesting story 11. _____ “x” 12. ______ “s”

13. ______ “h” 14. ______ “u”

 

二、写出下列惯用语

1. 一会儿 2. 匆忙           3.玩得很愉快 4. 去散步

5.一群 6. 去游泳          7.助某人一臂之力 8. 谋生

定冠词the

一、the用法:

1 _______ sun rises in _______  east

2Washington is _______  capital of _______  USA

3It's too hotOpen _______ doorplease

4They went to _______  People's Parkbut we both went to _______ People's Cinema yesterday

5Where do you liveI live on _________ second floor.

6I believe that _______ young have a bright future.

7Paris is _______ most beautiful city, where you can see _______ famous Eiffel Tower.

8Eddie likes playing _______ basketball best. He doesn’t like playing _______ piano.

9. Shanghai is in _______  east of China

10. They passed our school _______  day before yesterday

二、写出下列惯用语

1.在中间 2. 一直           3.此刻,目前 4. 第一次

5.去看电影(cinema 6. 在右边         7.给某人指路 8. 与。。。同样

9.在早晨 10. 整理床铺

综合练习:

一、冠词填空:在下列句中空白处填入适当冠词,不需用冠词处划/

1There is _______  woman over there _______ woman is Meimei's mother

2This is _______  useful bookI've read it for _______ hour

3 _______ elephant is much heavier than _______  horse

4 _______ doctor told him to take _______  medicine three times _______ day

5Let's go out for _______  walk

6I often watch _______ TV in _______  evening

7Tomorrow is _______  Christmas Day and my father and I went to choose  _______ Christmas tree today

8I think _______  maths is more important than any other subject

9 _______ Changjiang River is _______  longest river in _______  China

10_______ day of _______  December 201999 is _______ Monday

11What does this _______  word mean _______ Father

12He often goes to _______  school by _______  bike

13He joined the army in _______  spring of _______ 1995

14_______ old man is _______ teacherHe likes playing _______ basketball after _______  supper

15After I had _______  quick breakfastI hurried to school

二、.选择填空。

1She has ____  orange skirt ____ skirt is nice  AaThe  BanThe   CanA   DtheThe

2There is _______  old bike _______ old bike is Mr. Zhao's

  Aan The   BtheAn  CaThe   DtheThe

3 _______ apple a day keeps the doctors away    AThe    BA    CAn    DTwo

4This is _____ empty glass. Would you please give me _____ full one?

   A. a, an            B. an, a     C. the, a                   D. an, the

5At that time Tom was _______ one-year-old baby.   Aa      Ban      Cthe      D./

6We can't see _______  sun at _____  night.   Athethe  Bthe;/   Ca;/      D./;/

7_______ useful book it is    AWhat an    BHow a     CWhat a    DWhat

8. —How many books do you have?  —I have _______  bookThat's _______  English book

  Aaan   Baone Conean    Doneone

9. There is _______ university in our town.   A. a         B. an          C. the         D. /

10_______ Great Wall is _______  longest wall in the world

  AAa    BThethe    CAthe    DThea

11 There is ____ tall tree in ____ front of our classroom.

   A. a, /                  B. a, the    C. the, the              D. /, /

12_______ new bridge has been built over ________ Huangpu River

  AThea   BA;/       CAthe     DAnthe

13_______ woman over there is _______  popular teacher in our school

  AAan   BThea      CThethe  DAthe

14Beijing is _______  beautiful cityIt's _______  capital of China

  Aaa    Bthethe  C./;the  Dathe

15There’s _______ “u” and _______ “s” in _______ word “use”.

   A. an, a, the              B. a, a, a    C. a, an, the              D. the, the, the

16. The museum is quite farIt will take you half _______  hour to get there by _______ bus

  Aan;/  Bana     Ca;/    D./;/

17Does Tom often play _______  football after _______  school

  A./;/  B./;the   Cthe;/   Da;/

18_______ United States and China are two of ______ biggest countries in the world.

   A. /, the            B. The, the    C. The, /                 D. /, /

19We all should be kind to _______ old.    A. a         B. an          C. the            D. /

20I've been a student there for nearly two and _______ half years    Aa     Ban     Cthe     D./

21We are going to have _____ supper with _____ Greens tomorrow evening.

   A. a, the               B. the, the           C. /, /                 D. /, the

22. I often stay at _______ home to do some reading at _____ weekends.

   A. the, the                   B. /, /       C. the, /                     D. /, the

23. What _______ bad weather it is today!   A. a          B. an           C. the          D. /

24. It’s _______ Women’s Day today.   A. a          B. an          C. the          D. /

25. My brother likes to play _______ basketball while I like to play _______ violin.

   A. /, /         B. the, the    C. the, /            D. /, the

26. Our English teacher has been in _______ hospital for two days. Let’s go to see her today.

   A. a          B. an        C. the          D. /

27. --- You’ve got ____ e-mail address, haven’t you?   --- Yes, it is ____

   A. a, /             B. an, /     C. the, a                   D. /, an

28. --- When shall we hand in the exercise-books?  --- _______ sooner, _______ better.

   A. A, a           B. A, the    C. The, a          D. The, the

29. He wanted to hit me on ____ nose.  A. a          B. an          C. the         D. /

30. I’ve never seen _______ interesting film.   A. such an      B. a such C. an such    D. such a

31. --- Are you _______ German or American?   --- German. But I have lived in America.

   A. a         B. an         C. the       D. /

32. He had tried twice, and the teacher asked him to have ____ third try.

   A. a          B. an         C. the       D. /

33. They made him _______  king.   Aa      Bthe      Can     D./

 

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