双宾语与复合宾语
(2017-10-30 15:09:55)
标签:
教育 |
分类: 教育教学 |
双宾语与复合宾语
双宾语是指句中包含两个宾语,一个是直接宾语,另一个是间接宾语。即“双宾语=直接宾语+间接宾语”,往往指人的为间接宾语,指物的为直接宾语,他们之间是非主谓关系;
复合宾语是指句中包含一个宾语和一个宾语补足语,即“复合宾语=宾语+宾语补足语”,一般情况下(除过去分词作宾补外)宾语与宾补为逻辑主谓关系。
宾语补足语:
宾语后面加上一个词或一个短语用来对宾语的特征、状态等情况进行补充说明,使句子结构变的更加完整,这个成分我们称之为宾语补足语。
它和前面的宾语一起形成“复合宾语”它可以是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词或动词不定式等。
一般包含宾语补足语的句型有两种形式,即“谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”和“介词+宾语+宾语补足语”。
Who left the window open?
We call him Lao Li.
被动结构: The magazine was seen to take away by Tom
The teachers asked us to study hard from then on.
When we got to the classroom, we found the door locked.
The police found the lost boy in a wooden house.
I found her out just now.
[特别提醒]宾语和宾语补足语之间存在一种逻辑上的主谓关系;而双宾语则没有这种关系。
试比较:
(us和a lot of fun是动词brought的双宾语。两者并不是主谓关系,不可以说We are a lot of fun.)
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不定式作宾语补足语的有以下八种类型:
一、许多动词可跟一个宾语 + to do…构成句子,句中的不定式作宾语补足语;否定形式为“动词+宾语+not to do…”。例如:
My boss told me to type out two letters.
分析:句中“My boss”做主语,“told”作谓语,“me”作宾语,划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子。
They forbade her to leave the country.
Please remind me not to be late for the meeting.
高中范围内,适用于“动词+宾语+(not)to do…”的结构,不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,direct,encourage,expect,forbid,force,invite,order,permit,persuade,remind,re-quest,require,teach,tell,want,warn等。
二、有些动词可跟“宾语+to be…”构成句子,句中的不定式作宾语补足语。例如:
I consider him to be the best candidate.
分析:句中“I”做主语,“consider”作谓语,“him”作宾语,划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子。
I know him to be a liar.
I suppose him to be away from home.
高中范围内,适用于“动词+宾语+to be…”的结构,不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:consider,declare,discover,feel,find,suppose等。
三、有些动词(感官动词和使动词)后可跟不带to的不定式构成句子,句中的不定式作宾语补足语。例如:
He saw her enter the room.
分析:句中“He”做主语,“saw”作谓语,“her”作宾语,划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子。
She won't let me do it.
I heard her lock the door.
We watched the children play games.
高中范围内,适用于“动词+宾语+do…”的结构,不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:feel,have,hear,let,make,notice,observe,see,watch等。还有两个词组:listen to,look at.
注意:这类句子变为被动结构时,不定式前加to。请看下列句子,句中划线部分作宾语补足语。例如:
A child was seen to enter the building.
She was often heard to sing this song.
四、help后的不定式可加to,也可不加to(美国人不加to时较多),但被动结构中要加to。例如:
I'll help you(to) push the cart.
分析:句中“I”做主语,“will help”作谓语,“you”作宾语,划线部分作宾语补足语。
上句的被动语态为:You'll be helped to push the cart.
五、有些“动词+介词”的结构后也可跟不定式构成句子,句中的不定式作宾语补足语。例如:
He shouted to me to come over.
分析:句中“He”做主语,“shouted”作谓语,“to”为介词,“me”作宾语,划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下列句子,句子的结构为“动词+介词+宾语+to do…”,划线部分为不定式,作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子。
I depend on you to do it.
I am counting on you to help me through.
高中范围内,适用于“动词+介词+宾语+to do…”的结构,不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:shout to sb.to do,call on sb. to do,count on sb. to do,depend on sb. to do,wait for sb. to do等。
六、作宾语补足语的不定式,表示的动作在谓语所表示情况之前发生,就需要用完成形式:
He was known to have worked for the International Olympic Committee.
分析:句中“He”做主语,“was known”作谓语,使用了被动语态。由句意可知,“为国际奥委会工作”发生在前,“大家知道”发生在后。故不定式部分用完成形式,在句中作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子。
They are believed to have discussed the problem.
七、作宾语补足语的不定式,表示一个正在进行的动作时需用进行形式:
He is believed to be living in Mexico.
分析:句中“He”做主语,“isbelieved”作谓语,使用了被动语态。由于句子表达主语现在正在发生的情况,故用不定式的进行形式,句中划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下列句子。
Thousands were reported to be working in concentration camps.
He is thought to be hiding in the woods.
间或不定式作宾语补足语也可用于完成进行时。例如:
She is said to have been doing this work for twenty years.
八、不定式作宾语补足语的被动形式:
he didn't want her son to be taken away.
分析:句中“She”做主语,“didn't want”作谓语,“her son”作宾语,由于“her son”与“take away”之间为被动关系,故用被动形式,句中划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下列句子。
I'd like this room to be redecorated.
He didn't wish the subject to be mentioned in the letter.