动词不定式(the infinitive)用法梳理（1）

定义： 动词不定式是由“不定式符号to+动词原形”构成的一种非谓语动词结构。

结构： “to +动词原形”，即 “to do”,其中 to不是介词，而是动词不定式的符号，动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。      否定形式为：  not / never + to do

句法功能：

一、 用作主语

1 多数情况用it作形式主语，把真正的主语——动词不定式置于句末，特别是不定式短语较长时。

 

E.g.    To learn English well is not easy. = It’s not easy to learn English well.

1. I t is our duty to try our best to deal with these problems.

2. The head teacher said it was necessary to talk with his mother.

2 动词不定式作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。

To see is to believe.(眼见为实；百闻不如一见)

       【翻译】成为一个老师是我的梦想。                                       .

3 疑问词+不定式短语作主语可置于句首。

How to learn English well is important.

 

补充：用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如：

①  It＋be＋名词＋to do             It's our duty to take good care of the old.

②  It takes sb + some time +to do      How long did it take you to finish the work?

③  It＋be＋形容词＋for sb＋to do 逻辑主语

It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition a quarter of an hour.

④ It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to do      “It is stupid of you to write down everything”， the teacher says.

注意：在③中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary 等；在④中，常用careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词，强调对人的评价。

在不定式前的sb.，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb. is＋形容词＋to do句式 ，

如：It's kind of you to help me with my English. = You are kind to help me with my English.

⑤ It seems(appears)＋形容词＋to do           It seemed impossible to save money.

 

【练习】1. It’s very nice of them             (send) me the flowers.

        2.             (become) a teacher is my dream.

        3. It’s very important to learn English well.(同义句转换)

               English well            very important.

        4. It's our duty _________ the room every day.  A. to clean  B. cleaned  C. clean  D. cleans

        5. It's hard for us _________ English well.   A. Learn  B. learns  C. to learn  D. learning

        6.建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。

          It will _________ the workers over a year _________ _________ the flyover.

        7. It's very nice _________ you to get me two tickets _________ the World Cup.

          A. for， of      B. of， for         C. to， for       D. of， to

 

二、 用作宾语

 

1. 可以接带to的动词不定式作宾语的动词主要有： 在want， like， agree， hope， wish， learn， begin， start， seem， decide， hate， choose， forget， remember等动词后面，可以接不定式作宾语。

【练习1：在课文中找出后接不定式做宾语的词并归纳】

单词	不定式及其否定形式	单词	不定式及其否定形式
1		9
2		10
3		11
4		12
5		13
6		14
7		15
8		16

【练习2】

1. They want _______(save) time by using shorter words and phrases.

2. It’s time for class. Please stop _______(talk).

3. I’d like _______(go) to the Temple of Heaven.

4. We decided _______ at the end of this month.   A. travel B. not start out C. to leave D. going

5. The teacher told us _______in bed.      A. Don’t read B. read not   C. to not read    D. not to read

 

2. 动词feel, find, make, think等后面，可以用it作形式宾语代替真正的宾语——动词不定式，

句子结构是   ...feel / find / make / ... it + adj. / n. + to do...。如：

  I find it difficult                    (remember)everything.

  I find it a good way                    (提高)my English.

 

 

 

 

及物动词+不定式一般形式：

谓语动词(vt.)	+不定式 (作宾语)	[说     明]
want(想) / try(试图) / decide(决定) / would like(想要) / hope(希望) / love(喜爱) / learn(学会) / agree(同意) / fail(失败、未能) / wish(希望)	+ to (do)	(无)
help(帮助)		to可以省略
begin(开始)/ start(开始)/hate(憎恨)		也可跟动名词,意义变化不大
forget(忘记) / remember(记得)/ like(总爱)		也可跟动名词,意义变化较大

 

及物动词+疑问词+不定式：

谓语动词(vt.)	+wh-疑问词+不定式 (作宾语)	[说明]
tell (告诉) / show (显示) / know (知道) / ask (问) / find out (发现) / understand (明白) / learn(学会) / forget(忘记) / remember(记得) / teach sb.(教某人)	what     where +   how       + to (do) who which ……	不定式疑问形式还可以作句子的主语、表语等。

 

注意： 后跟不带to 的动词做宾语补足语的词， see sb. do sth.  /  watch sb. do sth.  /  make sb. do sth.  

                                           /have sb. do sth.  /   let sb. do sth.  

【巩固练习】

1. Let him _______ a rest. I think he must be tired after the long walk.

   A. has B. have  C. to have  D. having

2. _______the computer is a problem.

  A. How to use     B. What to use  C. Where to use  D. Which to use

3. The teacher told us _______in bed.

  A. don’t read B. read not C. to not read  D. not to read

4. The TV set is too loud. Will you please _______?

  A. turn down it B. turn it down C. to turn it down   D. to turn down it

5. It’s cold outside. You had better _______ your coat.

  A. to put on B. putting on    C. puts on    D. put on

二、用所给动词的正确形式填空。

1. It took half an hour _______(get) to the World Park from Kitty’s school.

2. It was interesting _______(see) so many places of interest from all over the world.

3. They want _______(save) time by using shorter words and phrases.

4. Kitty’s classmate Daniel taught himself how _______(make) a home page.

5. He put his photos on it for everyone _______(look) at.

6. Help him _______(put) the photos in the correct order.

7. He made the girl _______(cry) yesterday.

双宾语

定义： 当一个句子中出现两个动作的承受着，一个是物，一个是人，采用下列表达方式： 动词+人+物= 动词+物+介词 +人。 此时，人为间接宾语，物为直接宾语，这两个宾语称为“双宾语”。

结构： “及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语” 或 “及物动词+ 直接宾语+ to/for +间接宾语”

例子：            I        give           you           a rose.

              【主语】  【动词】   【间接宾语】  【直接宾语】

 

                 I        give         a rose         to            you.

              【主语】  【动词】   【       】   【    】      【       】

【判断】   I   passed   him    an apple.

           I   passed   an apple  to   him.

【辨析点】 双宾语结构为“及物动词+ 直接宾语+ to/for +间接宾语”时，根据动词不同，介词有时为 to, 有时为 for .其中to侧重指动作的方向，表示“朝着，向着，对着”；其中for侧重 指动作的受益者，表示“为了…，替…”。

  常见搭配：        to                                           for

           give sb. sth. = give sth.to sb.                      buy sb. sth. = give sth.for sb.

           send sb. sth. = send sth.to sb.                     make sb. sth. = give sth.for sb.

           show sb. sth. = show sth.to sb.                    cook sb. sth. = give sth.for sb.

           teach sb. sth. = teach sth.to sb.

           lend sb. sth. = lend sth.to sb.

【巩固练习】

1. Can you explain                  ?

   A. this problem to me        B. me problem        C. to me problem    D. my this problem

2. He made a new dress        his wife and gave it       her on her birthday.

3. Read the letter and ________ him.    A. pass it on to       B. pass on it to    C. pass it for   D. pass it on

4. 改写句子

  The teacher gave me some advice.=

  She lent me her bike. =

  Father bought me an ice cream. =