墓园挽歌
(2019-12-01 07:08:05)
标签:
农夫先祖主妇家世大限 |
汤玛斯·格雷
汤玛斯·格雷(Thomas Gray, 1716年-1771年),英国十八世纪著名诗人、学者、新古典主义后期感伤主义“墓畔派”的代表人物。他出生在伦敦的一个经纪人家庭,年青时曾在伊顿公学和剑桥大学求学,一生的大部分时间在剑桥大学从事教学与研 究。他不求名利,曾拒绝“桂冠诗人”的称号。1739年,他曾与密友贺拉斯·瓦尔波一起出国游历。他一生的诗作不多,但是几乎首首成功,广为流传。他的诗优雅而不做秀,流畅而不松散,明晰但少直白,简短但有余味,
墓园挽歌
暮钟已敲响,告别大白天,
低哞的牛群,缓缓草原过,
农夫已疲累,懒散回家转,
把世界留给,黑夜和赤我。
此刻眼前景,渐渐转夕阴,
万籁俱沉寂,四野何肃然,
唯闻甲壳虫,嗡嗡转飞轮,
沉闷牧铃声,遥催羊入圈。
只见常春藤,多情绕塔尖,
枝头一夜枭,郁郁怨月光,
怪它盘桓在,她的秘室边,
僻地幽居久,搅扰太荒唐。
粗犷榆树下,紫杉浓荫中,
草皮隆起处,多是荒土堆,
石室皆狭小,各自卧荆丛,
拙朴诸先祖, 村野长安睡。
晨风溢芳香,轻盈自呼号,
小小茅屋前,燕子语呢喃;
公鸡喔喔啼,狩猎号角高,
都不能闹醒,先祖地下眠。
炉火已不再,为他们燃烧,
主妇夜忙作,不再为他们;
童稚也不再,咿呀唤父到,
爬上父膝头,争宠分一吻。
往昔一开镰,丰收全在握,
坚硬泥板地,犁沟瞬时开;
驱牛下田野,耕种苦也乐!
挥斤猛砍伐,林木倒成排!
豪雄勿嘲讽,劳作实有功,
命运虽不济,家和福乐临,
显贵莫讥笑,人穷志不穷,
家世虽平凡,简略自崇尊。
门第再显耀,权势再显赫,
美色与财货,赋予再丰厚,
最终都难免,大限那一刻。
荣华不归路,同往墓丘走。
且请倨傲者,勿归咎众生,
勿责怀念人,坟前未立坛,
或无长过道,又无雕花顶,
更无赞美歌,飘荡在陵前,
(未完待续)
附注:《墓园挽歌》(Elegy Written in a Country Church-yard)这首诗发表于1751年,是格雷最主要的诗作,对后世影响很大。诗人在诗中表现出超然豁达的生死观和淡泊名利的人生态度,表达了对贫苦农民的真切同情,被认为是“英国十八世纪诗歌的压卷之作”。全诗结构匀称,韵律严谨,内容朴实,想象丰富,在一定程度上回答了诗歌的传统与革新的问题,不但是古典诗歌的杰作,又是浪漫主义诗歌的先声。
这首诗共有32节,每节4行,总计128行,每行10个音节。在英诗中,每行10个音节是传统的英雄联句体诗律,韵式为aabb,是古典主义的;可是每节4行挽歌体诗律,隔行押韵,韵式是abab,却是创新,是浪漫主义的。我的译诗对此做了相应处理。
先祖(Forefathers),祖宗,普通词汇使用大写复数形式,表示类别,是特指。本诗以下还有许多类似情况,如Ambition(豪雄)、Grandeur(显贵)、Proud(倨傲者)和Memory(怀念人)等,译成汉语时,虽无大小写之分,却有形容词名物化的规则,务使词达意显,似觉可取。
附录:原诗
ElegyWrittenInACountryCh
The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,
The lowing herd winds slowly o'er the lea,
The ploughman homeward plods his weary way,
And leaves the world to darkness and to me.
Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight,
And all the air a solemn stillness holds,
Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight,
And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds;
Save that from yonder ivy-mantled tower,
The moping owl does to the moon complain-
Of such as, wandering near her secret bower,
Molest her ancient solitary reign.
Beneath those rugged elms, that yew-tree's shade,
Where heaves the turf in many a mouldering heap,
Each in his narrow cell for ever laid,
The rude Forefathers of the hamlet sleep.
The breezy call of incense-breathing morn,
The swallow twittering from the straw-built shed,
The cock's shrill clarion, or the echoing horn,
No more shall rouse them from their lowly bed.
For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn,
Or busy housewife ply her evening care:
No children run to lisp their sire's return,
Or climb his knees the envied kiss to share,
Oft did the harvest to their sickle yield,
Their furrow oft the stubborn glebe has broke;
How jocund did they drive their team afield!
How bow'd the woods beneath their sturdy stroke!
Let not Ambition mock their useful toil,
Their homely joys, and destiny obscure;
Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smile
The short and simple annals of the poor.
The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power,
And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave,
Awaits alike th' inevitable hour:-
The paths of glory lead but to the grave.
Nor you, ye Proud,
impute to these the fault
If Memory o'er their tomb no trophies raise,-
Where through the long-drawn aisle and fretted vault
The pealing anthem swells the note of praise.
(To be continued)