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“俗话说：“大门不出，二门不迈！”大门众所周知，但是，您可知这所谓的“二门”指的是什么？

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“二门”指的正是垂花门

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垂花门因其檐柱占天不落地，垂吊屋檐，下有垂珠，故有垂花之称。垂花门位于整座宅院的中轴线，是内宅与外宅(前院)的分界线和唯一通道，界分内外，一般也是全宅最为醒目的地方。

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垂花门是财富和地位的象征，明清称大户人家为“宅门”，而一个院落只有拥有垂花门才能称的上是宅门。

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红楼梦中林黛玉进府就有垂花门的描述：“众婆子步下围随至一垂花门前落下.....林黛玉扶着众婆子的手，进了垂花门...”

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垂花门内是家眷生活起居之地，外人不得随便出入，古时的大家闺秀也就是在垂花门下，与人行礼、话别。

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仿佛透过垂花门，就能窥见古时女子的携卷低吟与莺蝶起舞……

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国人讲究“门当户对”，尊卑贫富首先就体现在门上。

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因此，小小一个垂花门，其实是古代建筑美学的集大成者。屋顶、屋身、台基、梁、枋、柱、檩、椽、望板、封掺板、雀替、华板、门簪、联楹、版门、屏门、抱鼓石、门枕石、磨砖对缝的砖墙等等构件一应俱全。各种装饰手段，如砖雕、木雕、石雕、油漆彩画都会用上，尽显华丽。

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作为垂花门重要组成的垂柱更是“无所不用其极”，其雕刻以仰面莲花和花簇头最多。头部垂珠一般雕饰莲瓣、串珠、花萼云或石榴头等形状，酷似一对含苞待放的花蕾。

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花卉隐喻花开富贵、官运亨通，果实隐喻多子多福、后孙兴旺。比如牡丹喻为富贵、菊花喻为长寿、莲花喻为高贵、莲蓬喻为多子。

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联络两垂柱的部件一般也有美雕，题材有“子孙万代”、“岁寒三友”、“玉棠富贵”、“福禄寿喜”等等，寄予着主人对美好生活的无限憧憬。

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垂花门一般有两种功能：

第一是防卫功能。垂花门向外的两根柱间安装有第一道门，这道门比较厚重，名曰"棋盘门"，或称"攒边门"，白天开启、夜间关闭。

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第二是起屏障作用。为了保证内宅的隐蔽性，营造私密性，垂花门向内一侧两棵柱间再安装一道门，这道门称为"屏门"，这也是垂花门的主要功能。

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一般而言，除重大仪式如婚、丧、嫁、娶，需将屏门打开之外，其余时间的屏门都是关闭的。如此，垂花门的两种功能相得益彰。

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垂花门的形式演变已经历经千年，并形成了诸多样式。

宋代成书《营造法式》上有数处提到“虚柱”，即垂花门之垂柱，而且有“虚柱莲华蓬五层”的记载。这表明宋代垂柱的做法已通行，故垂花门的形成可能更早于宋代，至今已绵延千年。

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独立柱担梁式：这是垂花门中至简的一种，由仅有的一排柱子和梁架十字相交而成，从侧面观之，如樵夫挑担，故又被称为“二郎担山”式。

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一殿一卷式：这是是垂花门中应用最为普遍的一种，又被称为屋宇式，被广泛的应用于宅院、寺庙等建筑中。

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从正立面看，为大屋脊悬山形式，两棵垂莲柱悬于梁头之下。其下可安装花罩，做各种题材的雕刻，也可装雀替。从背立面看，是卷棚悬山式，柱间装屏门。

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四檩廊罩式：此类垂花门多见于园林之中，常与游廊相连，作为横穿游廊的路口，柱间进深与游廊进深相同。

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梁两端上面挖檩碗承檐檩，下面悬挑垂莲柱。其是两面完全对称的建筑，两面都有垂莲柱。

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当然此三类只是基本样式，还有在此基础上延伸出更多样式分类如单卷棚垂花门等等，不再赘述。

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如果想看传统垂花门的风采，就小编所知，可以到颐和园及北海走走，颐和园中许多小院都是用垂花门为出入口，北海琼岛上也有几座垂花门，北岸铁影壁后边还有一座重檐垂花门。

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有空，不妨到这些地方，看看这些永不凋落的空中之花！

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疏漏不足之处敬请指正

转载请注明来源：还原社（hysociety）