高考中的非谓语动词

一、什么是非谓语动词？

1. “非谓语非谓语”, 就是不能做谓语的动词

谓语：说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。它有人称、数、时态和语态的变化。

 e.g.  He works.      He will go to Shanghai.  You looked smart.

非谓语：无人称，数的变化，不单独作谓语，但保留动词特点，可以有宾语或状语。

Climbing mountains is great fun.  To visit China is my next goal.

非谓语动词包括：1）不定式 to + v   2）动词v-ing  3）过去分词 v-ed

2.非谓语使用条件

一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下

She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat.

She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.

3．构成形式

make	主动语态			被动语态		否定式
	一般式	进行式	完成式	一般式	完成式	前面 直接 加not
to do	to make	to be making	to have made	to be made	to have been made
ing	making		having made	being made	having been made
ed	made  vt.(被动完成)        risen vi (主动完成)

4．用法

	句法功能						基本用法
	主	宾	表	定	状	补
to do	√	√	√	√	√	√	表目的，将来，某一次具体动作
ing	√	√	√	√	√	√	1.习惯性动作，抽象概念 2.主动进行，令人…的
ed			√	√	√	√	被动，完成，感到…的

二、用法比较

（一）．不定式和-ing形式作主语的区别

1. -ing和不定式都可以作主语，-ing作主语表示一般或抽象的经常性，习惯性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。 

Learning a foreign language is very useful.

It is not very good for you to smoke so much．

2..---不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。常见句型有it is adj. (of/for sb.) to do sth.

（1）It’s difficult (important, necessary) for sb. to do
（2）It’s kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) of sb. to do.

3..-ing在“It is no use/ no good/useless + doing”结构中作主语，it为形式主语。

It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters.

4.. 主表对称原则Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.

（二）．不定式和ing形式作宾语的区别

1.-ing形式作宾语通常表示一般的、经常性的行为，而不定式作宾语表示特定的、具体的、一次性动作

I like swimming , but I don’t like to swim today.

2. 1)有些动词或短语要求只接不定式作宾语：

afford / agree/attempt/ choose / decide / demand / determine /desire/ expect / fail / hesitate / intend/hope / long / manage / offer / plan / prepare / pretend / promise / refuse / want  / wish

2)有些动词或短语只接ing作宾语： 
admit / advise  / allow / appreciate  / avoid / consider /delay  / deny / / dislike  / enjoy / escape / excuse / forbid / imagine / keep / mind / miss / permit / practise / risk / stand，can’t help, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on，feel like等

3、在forget, remember, stop, regret, try, mean等动词后跟不定式与动名词意义不同，不定式  表示谓语动词之后的动作，而动名词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，常用一般式doing 代替完成式having done.
 Remember to write to us when you get there. I don’t remember meeting him.。
4、动名词作need, want, require, be worth的宾语时，用主动式代替被动式。
   The washing-machine needs repairing.（或用：needs to be repaired）

（三）．作宾补时三者的区别  

1.有些动词接不定式作宾补： （和宾语有主谓关系强调动作将发生或全过程；表一次性动作）

tell/ order/ persuade/ invite/ force /warn / encourage/ get/ ask + sb to do 

He asked me to finish the work in time.   

2感官动词feel \listen to \hear\ see\ watch\ observe\ notice的宾补用法。

do    （和宾语有主谓关系强调动作已经完成,do变被动以后前要加to.）

doing  (强调动作正在进行，尚未完成；延续性动词)

done  （表动作已经完成，或被动，多强调状态）

I heard her sing the song many times.  I heard her singing the song when I passed her room.   I have never heard the song sung in English.

3．使役动词make, let, get, have等的宾补用法。

make/let/have＋宾语＋do；get＋宾语＋to do表示“使/让/叫某人去做某事”。

The boss made the boy work twelve hours a day.

Mother got me to stay alone at home.

have＋宾语＋doing sth表示“使/让……持续做某事”；get＋宾语＋doing sth表示“使/让……开始行动起来”。

Farmers had the machines working all the time.

Can you get my watch going again?

have/get/make＋宾语＋done表示“使……被做”。

He made his idea known to his parents.

have sth done还可以表示“使遭受……”。

Tom had his leg broken while playing football.

  4. 复合结构“介词with＋宾语＋宾补”

1)With winter _________(come)on，it's time to buy warm clothes.

2)He lay in bed with his head__________( cover)

3) I can't go out with all these dishes _______( wash).

4)With an exam _________(hold)tomorrow， I couldn't go to the cinema tonight.

（四）．作表语时三者的区别

   1).不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。

My job is to help the patient now.（ 说明主语具体内容）   

   2) -ing形式作表语：

表示抽象的、一般性的经常性的行为。（说明主语具体内容，主表可换位）

His hobby is collecting stamps．    

表“令人如何如何”（主语所具有的特征）， 如: astonishing\ exciting\ moving\ surprising\ tiring\ interesting\ amusing\ shocking\ worrying 

   3)---V-ed：“让人感到如何如何”（主语所处的状态）如：astonished\ excited\ moved\    surprised\ tired\ interested\  amused\ shocked\ worried\ disappointed\ frightened\ pleased\ puzzled\ satisfied等

（五）．作定语时三者的区别

1.不定式作定语表未来的动作且后置，若为动宾关系，动词须为及物动词。

不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词。

不定式常放在某些名词(chance/ability/opportunity)或代词(nothing/something)后面作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，其后要加介词。

You are the third one to enter the room.   I have something important to say.   

 I need a pen to write with.     The question to be discussed tomorrow will be important.

2.-ing作定语多位于其前表示其性能、用途（无时间性）

He has a reading room.   a sleeping car

表正在进行（主谓关系）即主动进行，可换为定语从句; 

a sleeping boy        The girl gathering flowers is beautiful.    

The question being discussed now is important.   

3.过去分词作定语有（动宾关系，表完成）即被动完成，可换为定语从句。

a broken cup         The question discussed yesterday is important.

All the people invited to the meeting are VIP. 

(All the people who are invited to the meeting are VIP. )

（六）.作状语时三者的区别  （常都可以变为状语从句）

1)不定式作状语通常表示原因(谓动之前) 目的(可用so as to/in order to替换 ) 结果so….as to do  如此…以致 such…as to do如此…以致enough(…)to do足以 (意想不到的结果，常为only to do)

We were very excited to hear the news．       To get there on time I got up very early.  

Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle?

 He rushed to school only to find there was nobody there.

2)-ing或过去分词作状语通常表示原因  时间  条件  让步  结果(意料之中)  伴随（逗号）

(主语一致性；-ing表主动，过去分词表被动)

Hearing a sound , the baby stopped crying.         Given an apple, the child stopped crying.    

Having lived in the country for many years, she knows how to grow vegetables.

When/If heated, ice will be changed into water.

Seen from the top of the mountain, the village looks very small.

Having been told many times, he still made the same mistake.

Being very small, computers are widely used.

His parents died, leaving him an orphan.   My car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay.

He sat in a chair, watching TV.

The teacher entered the room, followed by some students.

非谓语动词特殊用法：

一.下列情况用不定式：

1.. 形容词easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good等形容词后面接不定式作状语时，常用主动形式表示被动意义。

The question is difficult to answer.   The book is very hard to understand.

  2. sb. have sth. to do                               I have a lot of work to do.

  3. find (think\feel\consider\make\believe) it adj to do sth   

4. There is no need to do.

  5. 一般介词后面不可用不定式作宾语，（except, but除外）

     He has no choice but to lie down and sleep.   She did nothing but cry. 

6. 在“疑问词＋不定式”结构中。She doesn't know which bus to take.

二．在“have difficulty (trouble, problem, a hard time, fun, a good time) (+in) + doing； be busy (in) +doing； There is no point (in) + doing”等结构中， in常要省去。

There is no point (in) making the simple experiments once again.

三．get\ have \ leave\keep +sb doing (使…处于某状态)    I’m sorry I’ve kept you waiting.

四．固定搭配 ：必须用-ed做状语

be located in /be buried in/ be lost in thought /be dressed in /be caught in the rain /be satisfied with /be seated /be engaged in/be equipped with/be faced with/be devoted to

1._____  (absorb)in his papers, he didn’t notice my coming.

2. When I returned I found a lot of people______(seat)there talking.

3.____(lose) in the mountains ,the two students were finally saved by the local police.

4.____________（bury）himself in the experiment, he forgot time.

5.______(devote) to his research work,the professor cared little about any other thing.

五、独立主格结构。

分词(短语)作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。当分词的逻辑主语不是主句的主语时，也就是两者不能构成逻辑上的一致关系时，则使用独立主格结构。独立主格结构的构成形式：名词/代词＋[分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语]。

Weather ________(permit), we will go for an outing next week.

The job _________(finish), we all went home.

 So much homework __________(do), Tom looks sad.

六、独立成分作状语

Generally /Frankly/ speaking   judging from/by  considering 考虑到

to tell the truth, to be exact, to begin with, to be honest.

非谓语动词题型做法

一、分析句子结构
1. ________many times , but he still couldn't understand it .
2. ________many times , he still couldn't understand it .
A. Having been told .    B. Told    C. He was told  D. Though he had been told
3. ________to the left , you'll find the post office .
4. If you ________to the left , you'll find the post office .
5. ________to the left , and you'll find the post office .
A. Turning B. To turn C. Turn D. Turned

二、分析逻辑主语
确定要选非谓语动词之后，第二步要分析其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致。若不一致，则须加上自己的逻辑主语。

 The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons________for the day.

A．finishing       B．finished     C．had finished      D．were finished
三、分析语态
分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。
1. ______from space , the earth looks blue .
2.______from space , we can see the earth is blue . A. Seen  B. Seeing   C. To see   D. See
四、分析时态，在选定了主动或被动后，还要考虑动作发生的时间问题，即时态。
1. The building ______now will be a restaurant .
2. The building ______next year will be a restaurant .
3. The building ______last year is a restaurant.
A. having been built  B.to be built    C.being built   D. built 

2014-2015年非谓语动词高考题填空

1. ______(ignore) the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make. (安徽卷)

2. _____(catch)the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early. (北京卷)

3. The park was full of people, ______ (enjoy) themselves in the sunshine. (北京卷)

4. If ___ (accept) for the job, you’ll be informed soon. (北京卷)

5. (learn) more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course. (福建卷)

6. In recent years an English word "infosphere" has appeared, _______(combine) the sense of “information” and " atmosphere".(福建卷)

7. Video games can be a poor influence if ________ (leave) in the wrong hands. （湖南卷）

8. When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile, she stood rooted to the ground, ______ (wonder) whether to stay or leave. （湖南卷）

9. Sometimes I act as a listening ear for fellow students ______ (take over) what is bothering them. （湖南卷）

10. Much time ________ (spend) sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health problems. (江苏卷)

11. After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress, Anne Benedict went on_________      (thank ) all the people who had helped in her career. (陕西卷)

12. Back from his two-year medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother        (take) good care of at home. (陕西卷)

13. Little Tom sat _____ (amaze) watching the monkey dancing in front of him. （四川卷）

14. ______ (absorb) in painting, John didn’t notice evening approaching. （天津卷）

15. ______ (work) for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule. （天津卷）

16.____ (raise) in the poorest area of Glasgow, he had a long, hard road to becoming a football star. (重庆卷)

17. Like ancient sailors, birds can find their way____ (use) the sun and the stars. (重庆卷)

18.(2014山东卷)6. There is a note pinned to the door______(say) when the shop will open again.

19.(2014山东卷)9. It’s standard practice for a company like this one______(employ) a security officer.

20.(2014北京卷)25. Last night, there were millions of people ______(watch) the opening ceremony live on TV.

21.(2014北京卷)28. There are still many problems ______ (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.

22.(2014北京卷)35. The film star wears sunglasses. Therefore, he can go shopping without ______(recognize).

23. (2014天津卷) Clearly and thoughtfully___________(write), the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.   

24.(2014福建卷)30. For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying______(connect).  

25. (2014湖南卷)21.Children，when    ______(accompany) by their parents, are allowed to enter

26.(2014江西卷)26. When it comes to ______ (speak) in public , no one can match him .

27.(2014江西卷)34. He is thought ______ (act) foolishly. .Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job .

28.(2014陕西卷)20. ___________(work out) the difficult maths problem, I have consulted Professor Russell several times

29.(2014四川卷)5. The manager was satisfied to see many new products ______ (develop) after great effort.

30.(2014天津卷)5. Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only ______ (find)it didn’t fit.

单句改错

1. Winter comes on, we should put on more clothes.

2. She did nothing but to cry all day.

3. We were made work day and night in the factory.

4. I will spend a week reading and prepare for the examination.

5. You must do everything you can help them.

6. Yesterday I had my bad tooth pulling out.

7. The conference is be held tomorrow.

8. I made a terrible mistake. I regretted not to take your advice.

9. Standing on the top of the hill, and you can see as far as the sea.

10. There’ll be a good film tonight, remember seeing it on time!

11. They kept on coming to the hospital and see him.

12. When speaking, you must make yourself hear.

13. I find the article difficult to be read.

14. Abraham Lincoln was considered being one of the greatest of all American presidents.

15. Following by the officers, the general inspected the army.

16. There is something wrong with my computer, and it needs repaired.

17. Having been told many times, but he still made the same mistake.

18. Over 1000 patients suffered from eye problems have received medical treatment.

19. Everything is taken into consideration, he has done a good job this time.

20. The thief wanted to get in and stole something.

21.But there were lots of people wait for the bus at that time.

22.His parents prevented him from sending to Tibet.

23. The bird escaped catching and flew away.

24.Will the people sit at the back please keep quiet?

25.When he came in, the speaker found the listeners all seating.

26.Even if inviting, I won’t go.

 27.I have improved both my listening ability and my speaking English.

28.An old man was sitting there, wears shabby clothes.

29.Get up late not only affects your studies but also is a bad habit.

30.I felt it a honor to ask at the meeting.