七、by的常见短语

  what do you mean by this?

  What do you mean by doing like that?

  What do you mean by saying so?

 

by means of 用……；凭借

  They succeeded by means of hard working / perseverance. 他们依靠努力工作（坚持）而获得成功。

  He has made a fortune by means of industry. 他靠勤劳致富。
We express our thoughts by means of words. 我们用词句来表达思想。
The deaf often communicate by means of signs. 耳聋者经常借助手势交流。 
They were able to position the yacht by means of radar. 他们能够用雷达测定快艇的方位。
He got into the house by means of an open window. 他从一扇开着的窗户爬进屋去。

by way of

 1. 路经,途经（某处）via

They are travelling to France by way of London.他们经伦敦去法国

She went to Canada by way of Shanghai．她经过上海去加拿大。

2.作为; 当作as a kind of；in the way of 当作

He said something by way of greeting．他说了几句话表示欢迎。

I offered her a pair of shoes by way of thanks．我送她一双鞋以表谢意。

By way of a present, he sent her a lovely cat and its small house．作为礼物，他送给她一只可爱的小猫以及它住的小屋。

 

Let's eat out tonight, by way of a change.咱们今天晚上到外面去吃饭吧,换换口味.

What are you thinking of doing by way of a holiday this year?今年的假期你打算怎麽过?

By way of an introduction, I shall explain some of the historical background.作为开场白,我来解释一下历史背景.

3.意在或为了（做某事）

make enquiries by way of learning the facts of the case 为了解实情作调查

by the way 顺便说（问）

  By the way, how did your seminar go? 对了，你的研讨会进行得怎样？

  By the way, I'm your number-one fan. 顺便说一句，我是你的头号粉丝。

  Judging by the way he spoke, he seemed to be in an awkward situation. 听他的口气好像很为难。

  By the way, this is a very well constructed house. 我可以说这&这房子的结构真的非常好。

 By the way, are you married? 顺便问一下，你结婚了吗？

  By the way, you were all so kind to me and my family. 顺便说一下，我们对我和我的全家真是太好了。

  By the way, is it difficult to use a computer? 噢，对了，用电脑难吗？

  By the way, how long have you been a cameraman? 谢谢，迈克，顺便问一句，你当多长时间的摄影师了？

  注：通过……方式 （in the way ...）

  I was impressed by the way he could formulate his ideas. 他陈述观点的方式让我印象深刻。

I was deeply hurt by the way she just ignored me. 她根本就不理睬我的样子深深地刺痛了我的心。

 

one by one/step by step/side by side/shoulder by shoulder

  one by one 一个接一个（强调次序和一次一个）

  one after another 一个接一个（强调连续性和数量之多）

  Guests came one after another. 客人们陆续来了。

  Write down your ideas one by one. 把你的观点逐一写下来。

 * In 2001 the Chinese people were always in high spirits, for pieces of exciting news came to China ______
A step by step  B  one by one  C  little by little  D one after another

解析：多数情况下，one by one等于one after another. 不过one by one通常强调的是顺序，而one after another则强调数量，所以这里选D是正确的。指的是令人激动地消息之多。

He rode roughshod over one opponent after another. 他把他的对手一个接一个地击败了。ride roughshod over 欺凌

They all go down like ninepins one after the other. 他们一个接一个地倒下去。

step by step 一步步地，逐步地，逐渐地; 缓缓;

Step by step, he knew the importance of it. 渐渐地，他晓得了它的重要性。作状语

I am not rushing things and I'm taking it step by step. 我不会仓促行事，我会一步一步地来。

  Instruction is given step by step. 循序渐进地进行教学。

 I can be enticed step by step. 我能够被人一步一步地劝服。

The business should be conducted step by step, slowly and surely. 事情要一步一步、稳扎稳打地进行。

 Study must proceed step by step in the proper order. 学习应该按部就班，循序渐进。

Task-designing goes step by step, from simple to complicated. 任务的设计应由简到繁、由易到难、层层深入。

 Step by step he gained the child's confidence. 他一步一步赢得了这个孩子的信任。

Step by step, the steamer stepped up its speed and left the harbor.逐步地，轮船加快了他的速度并离开了海港。

Step by step she has relinquished all responsibility. 她逐步地放弃了全部职责。

我相信这是由你所经历的一步一个脚印，这需要时间。

Next, I build a state machine, step by step. 接下来，我将逐步构建一个状态机。

This led to the medical treatment, mode, the structure of a huge step by step.

由此导致了医学模式、治疗方式、用药结构等在逐步进行着巨大调整。

Step by step, I could control my body better. 一步步，我能较好地控制我的身体。

You need to have a simple step by step blueprint that will tell you what to do.

I'll talk you through it step by step as you do it. 我会在你一边做的时候跟你一步一步解释的。

At the moment, reform is a very gradual process; they are taking it step by step.

目前，改革是一个渐进的过程；他们在一步一步地推行。

He will be promoted step by step. 他将被逐步提升。

These three feeling stages form waves which push us go forward step by step.

感觉三部曲形成了推动我们一步一步向前的波浪。

 This paper studies step by step a successful attack of a system. 这个论文一步步地研究一次成功的入侵。

Step by step, they are approaching the crux of the problem. 一步步地，他们正接近问题的关键。

Some problems must be solved step by step, through investigation and study. 有些问题要经过调查研究，逐步解决。

It moved slowly up the stairs, step by step. 它慢慢地移上了楼梯，一步一步。

I believe it has to be step by step as what you experienced and it takes time. 作表语

Remember this is a step by step process. 记住这是一个循序渐进的过程。作定语

side by side并排; 肩并肩地，一起; 相互支持;

We're usually working side by side with the men. 通常我们和男性一起并肩工作。

 We sat side by side on two wicker seats. 我们在两把柳条椅上肩并肩坐着。

We can see a day where all people live side by side. 我们可以想象有那么一天所有人都和睦地生活在一起。

Gathered together, the old, the middle-aged and the young studied side by side and encouraged each other.

老、中、青济济一堂，共同学习，相互激励。

Put the eggplants side by side in a serving dish. 将茄子码齐放在上菜用的盘子里。

  We sat side by side, then went to the foyer. 我们肩并肩地坐着，然后去了休息室。

  We were no longer standing side by side. 我们不再站在一起了。

  They embraced and walked away side by side. 他们拥抱着，肩并肩离开了。

Scrooge and the ghost stood side by side in the open air again. 史克鲁奇和鬼魂又再次并肩站在户外。

You can see two, almost side by side towards the right of the screen. 你能看到两个，它们几乎并排着在屏幕的右边。

  We stand side by side with you in this dispute. 在这场辩论中我们与你们相互支持。

  I saw them sitting side by side on the long chairs. 我看见他们并排坐在长椅上。

  You can see quite clearly two vessels side by side, he says of the images.

他谈到一些图片时说：你可以相当清楚地看到两艘船肩并肩航行。

  China and Russia have stood side by side in opposing efforts to force Mr Assad to step down.

中国和俄罗斯曾并肩反对国际社会迫使阿萨德下台的努力。

  They walked on the sidewalk, side by side. 他们肩并着肩走在人行道上。

  Elephants, like friends or sons, grow side by side with them. 大象，像是他们的朋友和孩子，与他们一起生活成长。

  The two children are walking side by side. 那两个孩子肩并肩地走着。

  The two girls stood side by side. 那两个女孩并肩站着。

shoulder by shoulder 肩并肩 

Come what may, we will stand together shoulder by shoulder. 不管发生什么情况, 我们都要肩并肩站在一起.

注：come what may不论发生什么事情; 不问好歹; 不管三七二十一;

Come what may, we must finish this work today. 不管怎么样，反正我们今天必须完成这项工作。

I don't care what may come. (我才不管后果如何呢. 可以意译为: 爱你到底, 哪怕受尽风霜...

Come what may he will never desert you .不管发生什么情况，他都不会抛弃你。

Come what may we 'll always stand by your side .不管发生什么我们总与你站在一起。

Come what may I shall never abandon her .不管怎样，我绝不会将她抛弃。

He promised to support her come what may .他答应不论发生什麽事都支持她。

Come what may we 'll always stand together .不管发生什么事，我们总要在一起。

We will stand by you come what may .不管发生什么事，我们都会支持你们。

Come what may I 'm determined to do it .不管发生什么事情，我已下定决心要这么做了。

Come what may I will give it a try .无论如何我都要试一试。

Come what may you 'll always keep it secret .无论怎样，你都要保守秘密。

Come what may we will go ahead with our plan .不管发生什么情况，我们都将执行我们的计划。

 

And how many times, in dreams we shoulder by shoulder tell the story of their own.

又有多少回，在梦境我们肩靠肩诉说属于自己的故事。

When you can go hand in hand, please do not just shoulder by shoulder. 能牵手的时候，请别只是肩并肩；

  We run shoulder by shoulder in the morning sun shine. 在清晨的阳光下，我们并肩跑步。

  It is no doubt that journalism and news voice are taking change shoulder by shoulder.

毋庸置疑，新闻传播、新闻语态的变迁也进行着同步更新。

by oneself 独自

  I can work it out by myself.

One is firmly established by oneself. 卓然自立。

It's more satisfying to do the job by oneself. 独自一人做这项工作更让人感到满足。

One ought to be able to carry out simple repairs on one's car by oneself.

一个人应该能够独自对他的汽车进行一些简单的维修。

by birth 在血统上，生来
Her parents were in fact American by birth. 她的父母在血统上其实是美国人

She is a brunette by birth but a blonde by habit. 她生来头发是棕色的，但习惯上是金色的。

  Anne was French by birth but lived most of her life in Italy. 安妮在血统上是法国人，但大部份时间住在意大利。

I'm Brazilian by birth although my parents are Japanese. 虽然我父母是日本人，但我在血统上是巴西人。

by society 于社会，被社会

  Parenting is not fully valued by society. 养儿育女没有得到社会的充分重视。

  Many of his most famous paintings were isolated by society. 他许多最有名的画都是他被社会孤立所画的。

  Teachers were more appreciated and valued by society in the past than they are today.

 

take…by surprise袭取；使某人吃一惊；出其不意地攻击、捕获；

  I think she expected to take me by surprise. 我想她大概是要趁我不备。

  Someone you least expect will take you by surprise.

learn by heart牢记 ；读熟 keep in mind

  Try to learn by heart these English words and phase.

  We had better learn by heart as many sentence patterns as we can. 我们最好尽可能多背句型.

  The text is too long for us to learn by heart. 这篇课文太长了,以致我们不能够记住.

by heart凭记忆

learn by heart 指的是“背诵”,是“memorize word for word” 逐字的背诵,有些偏机械的“一字不差”的背诵,是为了“背下来”的记住.比如背诵课文一类。
   Actors have to learn their lines by heart. 演员必须把台词背下来.
   注：keep in mind意义相对广泛，也可以说bear in mind 就是“记住”的意思,尤其是指,当你做某事的时候,一定要“注意”“想起”“记得”这件事情或人，

keep sth. in mine  牢记某事 sth. 一般为名词

keep in mind sth. 牢记某事情，sth.一般用从句
    Please keep in mind that you promised to call her at two o'clock. 记得答应他的明天2点给他打电话。
    You must keep in mind that he is younger than you．你应该记住他比你年轻。

Keep in mind you're going to be fighting lots of men who hit plenty hard. 记住你要和许多出拳非常凶狠的人交手。

Keep in mind that this job is temporary, so it is not worth your losing sleep over. 牢记这是个临时的工作，因此不值得你失眠。

You should keep in mind that your parents love you most.  

You should keep it in mind that your parents love you most.

by one’s watch

  What’s time by your watch?

by mistake 错误地（由于疏忽所至）

He opened Steven's letter by mistake.   他不小心拆了Seteven的信。

She let the news slip by mistake, in an unguarded moment. 她一不留神泄漏了消息.

She sprayed hair spray in her eye by mistake. 她错把洗头水当成眼药水上到眼睛里了。

  He has been arrested by mistake. 警方误抓了他。

  He took my umbrella by mistake.

  注：by mistakes 通过错误

  Allow children to learn by mistakes and by successes. 允许孩子们通过失败和成功来学习。

Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handle our affairs better.

错误和挫折教训了我们，使我们比较地聪明起来了，我们的事情就办得好一些。

 

by chance / by accident无意地、偶然地，相当 accidentally, unintentionally 或 incidentally 的意思

   The news of his haste return came to my ears by chance.    我是无意中听到说他匆匆返回的消息。

A real genius possesses talents in many aspects, but they are brought into play  only by chance and in a single field.

    真正的天才具有多方面的才能，只是处于偶然而仅在单一的领域中得到施展。

   Everything happens for a reason. Nothing happens by chance or by means of good luck.

      任何事情的发生都是有原因的，没有什么事情是偶然发生的或通过好运的。

  I never thought that he would take the matter so seriously. I just mentioned it by accident.

     我从来没有想到他会把这件事看得这么重，我只是无意中提起了这件事。

  I found out the secret of the matter by accident.  我偶然发现了那件事情的秘密。

  注：on purpose 和 by design 是“有意地”、“故意地”意思，相当于 intentionally, deliberately 或 purposely

  I was making a general reference. It was really not aimed at you on purpose.     我只是泛泛而指, 并非故意针对你。

  She sometimes does things on purpose just to annoy me.  她有时存心做些事来使我生气。

I knew that he was not doing it on purpose. 我知道他不是故意要这样做的。

   He became a photographer more by accident than by design.他能成为摄影师与其说是有意为之,不如说是纯属偶然。

   I would believe that his mistake was made by accident rather than by design.

     我宁愿认为他是无意犯错而不是蓄意为之。