by 用法

介词by用法较多，可以用来表示方位、时间、手段等。 现总结归纳by用法如下：

一、表方位，“在…旁边”

by the lake/river/tree/window/door

She searched the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path.

她搜索了山顶，然后停下来在路边的一块大石头上休息。

After supper she would sit down by the fire, sometimes for as long as an hour, thinking of her young and happy days.

晚饭后，她常坐在火旁，有时长达一个小时地回忆她那青春、快乐的年代。

注：有时可表:“从…旁经过”,多与动词go/walk/pass等连用。

As we boys were rushing towards the playground, Jim slipped by the table.

当我们这些男生冲向操场时，吉姆从桌旁溜过。

注：表示场所，意为“在……旁边”“在……近旁”“在……手边”，此时要注意它与介词near有所不同，即by 表示的距离更“近”。比较：  　　

He lives by the sea. 他住在海滨。　　

He lives near the sea. 他住在离海不远处。

二、 表时间 “到…时（已发生某事），此时谓语多用完成时；最晚、不迟于…，在…之前”

by now/then/this time/next Friday/the end of/three o`clock

He was very tired by the evening. 他到晚上已经很累了。　　

He has read about 40 pages of the book by now. 现在这本书他已读了大约40页。　　

We will have finished the work by next month. 到下个月我们就会干完了这工作。　　

by the time + 句子

By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed. 到去年年底，又有一座新体育馆峻工了。

The train leaves at 6:00 pm. So I have to be at the station by 5:40 pm at the latest.

火车下午六点开，所以最晚我得5:40赶到车站。

By the time he was 12, he had traveled to more than 30 countries to get his diseases cured.

到12岁为止，他已去过三十多个国家治病。

By the time the doctor arrived the patient had died. 在医生到达时，病人已经死了。　　

表示时间时，by还可表示“在……期间”，通常连用的名词是 day, night, moonlight, daylight等，注意名词前通常不用冠词。

Cats sleep by day and hunt by night. 猫白天睡觉，夜里捉老鼠。　　

Do you like to swim by moonlight? 你喜欢在月光下游泳吗？　　

 

注：by the time … 时态问题

By the time I graduate next year, I will have lived here for 5 years. 到明年毕业时，我就在这里呆了五年了。

By the time you come back, the meal will be ready. 典型的主将从现

By the time she got up, her brother had already gone into the bathroom. 前面过去时, 后面过完

By the time he is ten, he has outgrown his older brother. 他十岁的时候就已经长得比他哥哥高了. (从句用一般现在时, 主句用现在完成时, 说明现象).

By the time we arrived, the meeting was over. 均为过去时态

By the time we arrived, the train was already moving. 前面过去时, 后面过进.

By the time you receive this letter, I will have left this city for my hometown. you receive this letter 是将来的时间点, 后面这句应该用将来完成时.

We had found out by that time that he had been a thief for a long time. 前后都是过去完成时态, for a long time 要求用完成时态, 另外主从句时间呼应上也要求.

I shall be pushing up daisies by the time the project is finished. 等到这项目完成时,我早已入土了. 从句用现在时, 主句用将来进行时, 站在现在的时间节点看未来...   

 

三、表方法、方式、手段

1. by+ the + 可数的时间、长度、重量等名词。意为：“按…计算，按…买(卖)”

by the pound/ton/yard/meter/dozen/bale/day/month …

Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour. 城市里的女清洁工通常按小时获得报酬。

In the market, tobacco is sold by the bale, eggs by the dozen and salt by the pound.

在市场里，烟叶按捆卖，鸡蛋按打卖，盐按磅卖。

They are paid by the hour (by the month). 他们所得报酬按小时（月）计。　　

Milk is sold by the pint, butter by the pound, and eggs by the dozen. 牛奶按品脱卖，黄油论磅卖，蛋类论打卖。　　

 

2. by + 表示时间、长度、重量等总称的不可数名词（名词前不加冠词）。意为：“按…计算，按…买(卖)”

by time/volume/length/weight/height/depth/width/area …

As we all know, the freight of the luggage is charged by weight. 众所周知，行李的运费是按重量计算的。

  Bananas are usually sold by weight. 香蕉通常按重量卖

3. by + 交通工具、交通方式名词（名词前不加冠词，不变复数）。意为：“通过…，由…，乘…”

by train/rail/tube/taxi/bus/truck/bike/boat/plane; by land/road/sea/water/air …（on foot)

It takes a long time to go there by train; it`s quicker by road.(或by bus) 乘火车去那儿要花很长时间，公路比较快。

-- I usually go there by train.  -- Why not try going by boat(或water)for a change?

“我常乘火车去那儿。”“为何不尝试一下坐船呢？”

注：若表示交通工具的名词前插有定语修饰语，则也可以用冠词。 　　

They came here by the first bus. 他们是坐第一班车来的。　　

We’re going by the 9:30 train. 我们坐9:30的火车去。　　

We went to Shanghai by a large ship. 我们乘一艘大船去上海。　　

注：下面两例用by与用with的区别：　　

The letter was written by hand. 这封信是用手写的（即不是打印的）。

（by hand表示一种抽象的手段，是无形的，注意其中没用冠词或其他限定词）　　

I write with my hand, but he writes with his mouth. 我用手写字，但他却用嘴写字。

（with one’s hand表示一种具体的工具，是有形的，注意其中用了物主代词）　　

 注：by / with / in

  by hand / weight / by fishing / by the hour

  with my hand / with a pen / with a tool

  in ink / in English  

  用这种方式：

   by the means

 with the method

in this way

 

4. by + 抽象名词或具有抽象意义的普通名词（名词前不加冠词，不变复数）。意为：“靠…，通过…，由…所致”。by skill / determination /practice /diligence /inference /chance /accident; by mail /letter /radio /fax /telephone /telegraph /hand /machine等。

  by phone 用电话             by telegram 用电报　　

by letter 用信件              by express 用快件　　

by air mail 用航空邮件    by ordinary mail 用平信　　

by post 用邮寄                by radio 用无线电 　　

by hand 用手工               by machine 用机器

Although he had been searching in the wrong area most of the time, he found it by logic, not by luck.

虽然他曾大部分时间一直在错误的地方寻找，但他还是靠逻辑推理而非运气，找到了它。

I made a coat with my own hands. It was made by hand, not by machine. 

我用双手织了一件外套。它是用手工织的，而不是机器织的。

5. by + 地点或工具等具体名词。表路线、途径，意为：“通过（某物、某地），取道…”

by a stone bridge/the back door/the freeway/country roads …

The man entered the room by the back door. 那人通过后门进入了房间。

6. by+动词—ing.意为：“通过…，靠…，凭…”

by waiting/practicing/begging/working/imitating/ fishing / selling ..

He gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers.他通过印刷著名作家的作品而获得了巨大的财富。

Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercise. Similarly, our minds are developed by learning.

身体是靠锻炼强壮的，同样，大脑是靠学习开发的。

The old man makes a living by selling fruit and vegetables.

He makes a living by teaching. 他以教书为生。　　

Lock this door by turning the key twice to the left. 锁这扇门要把钥匙向左转两圈。