241. 他们的希望全部破灭了。

 [正] Their hope fell to zero.

注：zero 作数字时，在科技文章中普遍用作表示0，但在日常生活中，英国英语常把 0 叫作 naught，或 nil，美国英语往往叫作 zero。在 zero 用作比喻用法时，表示“希望破灭”，“完全没有”，不能写作0。

242. 你有必要这样去做。

 [正] It is necessary for you to do so.

注：一个形容词可以用来指“行为”，又可以用来指“行为者”，如 kind, good, foolish, nice, careful, careless 这类皆是。这种形容词可以接用 of 来造句，如 It is kind of you. （行为）= You are kind. （行为者）。另外有些形容词，只能用来指“行为”，不能用来指“行为者”，如 necessary, impossible, inconvenient, unbearable 这类皆是。这种形容词是不可以接用 of 来造句的，它只能接用 for，例如 It is necessary for you to go. 而不能说 You are necessary to go.

243. 那囚犯的处死引起了诸多公众谴责。

[误] The prisoner's execution has caused a lot of public censure.

[正] The execution of the prisoner has caused a lot of public censure.

注：英语的属格有两种用法：一为主格作用 (Subjective Possessive)。一为宾格作用 (Objective Possessive)。例如 She has come to sing his praise. （她来赞美他。）是宾格作用。She doesn't want his praise.（她不要他赞美。）是主格作用。说 his praise（他的赞美）用作主格作用是不会有误解的，但说 his praise（赞美他）用作宾格作用，把属格变成了宾格，就令人费解了。这两种作用在文字上是没有分别的，读者要从意义上才能加以辩明。如上例句中所说的 the prisoner's execution，意为处死囚犯，当然是宾格作用，因为被人处死，是被动，决不可能变成囚犯自己处死的，所以不能说成 the prisoner's execution，只能改用 of 的造句而说成 the execution of the prisoner，因为用 of 的造句多是表宾格作用的，例如 the choice of him=the act of choosing him.（选择他）。如说 his choice=the person or thing he has chosen（他所选定的人或物），就是主格作用了。

244. 战争结束后他就留洋了。

[误] After the war being over, he went abroad.

[正] The war being over, he went abroad.

注：在 Absolute Participle 独立分词的前面不要再加连词或介词。改正后的句子是属于 Written English 方面的，如改为 Sopken English，则为 After the war was over, he went abroad.

245. 虽然他病了好几年，现在却完全好了。

[误] Though having been ill for years, he is now quite well.

[正] After having been ill for years, he is now quite well.

.Having been ill for years, he is now quite well.

注：though 是连词，只能用于连结两个从句（clause）。句中 having been ill for years，不是一个从句，至多前面只能用介词 after，或根本什么都不要。

246. 今天的青年喜欢跳舞。

[误] The youth of today is fond of dancing.

[正] The youth of today are fond of dancing.

注：youth 前面加冠词 the 表示复数概念“青年人们”，是集合名词，词尾不加 s。这时谓语动词常用复数形式。这些名词主要有：cattle, people, police, youth 等。接在这些名词之后的谓语动词要用复数，指代它们的代词也要用复数。如果要表示以上这些名词的单数，可分别说成 a cow, a person, a policeman 和 a young person。a youth 的意思是 a young man（一个男青年）。

247. 一到新加坡，我的朋友就在机场等我。

[误] On arriving at Singapore, my friend was waiting for me at the airport.

[正] On arriving at Singapore, I found my friend waiting for me at the airport.

注：凡是带有介词的动名词，或是单独的分词，必须有一个意义上的主语，来配合这个动作。到达新加坡的是“我”，而主句中的主语却是“我的朋友”，动作不能配合，所以是错误的。介词 before 与 after 的情形和 on 一样，故下面的两句也是错的：After finishing his work, I paid him. Before reading the text, the vocabulary should be learned.

248. 无知与疏忽是这错误的原因。

[误] Ignorance and negligence have caused this mistake.

[正] Ignorance and negligence has caused this mistake.

注：两个以上的主语用 and 连起来表示一个单纯的目的或观念时，动词要用单数才对。他例如 Truth and honesty is always the best policy. Slow and steady wins the race. Bread and butter is his abomination.

249. 麦饼比米饼便宜。

[误] A cake made of wheat costs less than that made of rice.

[正] A cake made of wheat costs less than one made of rice.

注：that 是从 the 变来的，属于定冠词的范围之内，所以它只能代表有定冠词的单数名词，如 The cost of oil is less than that of gas. 但凡是有不定冠词的单数名词，就不能用that 代表，只能用 one 代表，如上举的两个例句：one=a cake，而 that=the cost。对于有定冠词的单数名词，也并不一定非用 that 代表不可，如 The step you have taken is that of much risk. 一句中的 that 就错了，应改为 one 才对，因为在动词 is 后应接 a step，所以只能用 one 代表。

251. 这机器要修理。

[误] The machine wants to repair.

[正] The machine wants to be repaired.

. The machine wants repairing.

注：动词 want 也和动词 need 一样，后接动名词时要用主动，后接不定式时才可以用被动，用主动便错了。如果以人做主语，也就可以用主动的不定式了，同时也可接被动的不定式，例如 He wants to buy a watch. He wants to be notified beforehand.

252. 苹果坏了四分之三。

 [正] Three-fourths of the apples were ruined.

注：英语以分数为主语时，由其后接的名词决定动词的单复数，例句中的 apples 为复数，故动词应改为复数的 were。但 Three-fourths of the crop was ruined.（四分之三的收成都毁了。）

253. 猫把家里的老鼠一扫而光。

[误] The cat cleared off rats from the house.

[正] The cat cleared the house of rats.

. The cat swept rats out of the house.

注：用动词 clear 时，其形式为“clear + 地点 + of + 物”，如用 sweep 时，则为“sweep + 物 + out of + 地点”。

254. 昨夜他喝得大醉。

 [正] He was much drunk last night.

注：drunken 是一个限定形容词，只能用在名词前，如 a drunken man（醉人），不能作叙述形容词用。

255. 到公园去怎样走？

[误] How shall I go to the park?

[正] What way shall I take to get to the park?

注：How shall I go 是问怎样去法，如坐出租车去，坐公共汽车去，或坐三轮车去之类。问路应说 What way 才对。

256. 全家人在九点钟上教堂去做礼拜。

 [正] The family goes to church at 9 o'clock.

注：把全家人看做一个整体，即一家人，应该接用单数动词。“去做礼拜”，英语应说 go to church，如果加了冠词说成 go to the church，便不是去做礼拜，而只是去参观礼拜堂的建筑。同样“上学读书”是 go to school，如说 go to the school，便是指校舍而言，与读书无关。

258. 日暮途穷。

 [正] The night is falling and the road is coming to an end.

注：我们说的“日”英语应译作“夜”。汉语的“日暮”除译作 The night is falling 外，又可译成the night is closing in，或 night is coming(on)，或 it is getting dark。汉语的“途穷”，除如上照字面译出的以外，又可译为 no road ahead，或意译为straitened, in poor circumstances 等。

259. 她的服装不大入时。

[误] Her dress does not conform to the fashion.

[正] Her dress does not conform with the fashion.

注：conform to (custom)，从（俗），依照（习惯），是有意志的，至于 conform with (custom)，（与习惯）相合，是无意志的。例如 Conform to the custom of the land，入国随俗。Your conduct does not conform with the custom. 你的行为不合习惯。

260. 如你所知道的，人生常比做航海。

 [正] As you know, life is often compared to a voyage.

注：同种类的东西相比用 compare with，不同种类的东西相比，则要用 compare to，例句中 life 与 voyage 完全不同种类，故用 compare to 方合，再看下例 Famous as she is, she cannot be compared with him as a writer of tragedies.（她虽有名，但作为一个悲剧作者是不能和他相比的。）

261. 她入不敷出。

 [正] Her expenditures do not correspond to her income.

注：correspond to (something)，相当，相称，相配。correspond with(each other)，一致，符合。例如 The punishment should correspond to the offence.（刑罚应与犯罪相当。）This house exactly corresponds with my needs.（这房子正合我意。）又 correspond with，可作通信解，如 We have corresponded with each other for several years.（我们通信有好几年了。）

262. 这台缝纫机是中国制造的。

 [正] This sewing-machine is of Chinese make.

注：说何国制造而用 make 时，必须带有 of 的字样，如 of Chinese(English, American, Japanese) make，但如用 made 时则说 Chinese made 或 made in China，不要再加 of，如说 manufacture 也是要有 of 的，如 of Chinese manufacture（中国制造）。

264. 那种音乐在青年中很流行。

[误] That music is popular with the youngs.

[正] That music is popular with the young.

注：如 young 一类的形容词前面加上定冠词 the，就变成名词，它表示所有这一类的人。这样的名词必须是单数形式，但动词一定是复数。在英语中，像 the young 这类的表达形式并不多。最常见的有 the blind, the deaf, the sick, the mentally ill, the poor, the unemployed, the old, the dead, the rich, the clever,等等。

265. 你们写一篇短文，两小时交卷。

[误] Write a short essay and you must hand it in in two hours.

[正] Write a short essay and hand it in in two hours.

注：误句前后语气不一致，前一句用的是祈使句，第二个分句改用了陈述语气。应该使前后一致。可以把两个分句都改为祈使语气，或都改为陈述语气。

268. 在他看来，她的美沉鱼落雁，闭月羞花。

[误] In his eyes, her beauty would make fishes sink, wild geese fall, moon an flowers hide for shame.

[正] In his eyes, her beauty wouldput the flowers to shame.

注：“沉鱼落雁，闭月羞花”典出我国古代的四大美女，直译出来大多数外国人难以理解，所以不如选择一个他们容易理解的词，而不必重复。

271. 经她的一番添油加醋，这件事情的性质竟被完全改变了。

 [正] After her adding highly colored details to this affair, the nature of the whole matter has been completely altered.

注：“油”和“醋”都是中国菜的重要调料，加了它们，菜的味道就不一样了。但西餐与中餐完全不同，所以在这里采取直译的方法会使不了解中国饮食文化的西方人无法理解。

274. 弱肉强食是自然法则。

[误] It's the law of nature for the stronger to eat the weaker.

[正] The law of jungle is the law of nature.

注：the law of jungle（丛林法则）就是“胜者为王”或“弱肉强食”。它形象、贴切，又不乏想象空间，比照字面直译更深刻地把握了原文的内涵。又如：“人生的机遇是可遇而不可求的”就可以译为 Life is something of a lottery。因为拿彩票来比喻变幻莫测的人生是再贴切不过了。

275. 他的理论没有科学根据。

 [正] His theory has no scientific basis.

注：base 和 basis 虽然都有“基础”的含义，但 base 指物质上的、具体的“基础”，常表示“基地”或“根据地”，如：After bombing the targets, the planes returned safely to their base；而 basis 则指理论、信念、思想或某项工作所依据的抽象的“基础”或“根据”。

277. 许多无名小国成了洗钱的天堂。

 [正] Many small nameless countries have become the heaven of money-laundering.

注：launder 的原意是“洗涤衣服”，但后来被引申为“洗黑钱”，即把来路不正的钱弄得貌似合法。

283. 会上有许多观众。

[误] There was a large number of audience at the meeting.

[正] There was a large audience at the meeting.

注：audience 是集合名词，为“观众”的总称。所以“观众多”应说 a large audience，“观众少”则应说 a small audience。又如：An audience of millions watched the royal wedding on TV(百万观众在电视上观看皇家婚礼）。

285. 抗日战争是1937年爆发的。

[误] The Anti-Japanese War was broken out in 1937.

[正] The Anti-Japanese War broke out in 1937.

注：break out（战争等的爆发）是不及物动词短语，不能用于被动语态。类似的还有happen, belong, disappear, fail, take place 等。

289. 凯文是几兄弟中最热心的。

[误] Kevin is the most warm-hearted of his brothers.

[正] Kevin is the most warm-hearted of all the sons in the family. /Kevin is more warm-hearted than any of his brothers.

注：“his brothers”并不包括凯文本人，所以用最高级不正确。

293. 她的工作就是收发信件。

[误] Her job is to receive and send letters.

[正] Her job is to send and receive letters.

注：我们用“收发”，而英国人是先“发”再“收”。英文的语序与中文常常相反，又如：“衣食无忧”是 not worry about food or clothing；“迟早”是 sooner or later；“不论贫富”是 no matter rich or poor；“不管死活”应该翻译成 care little about one's life or death。

295. 小心，病从口入！

[误] Beware! Disease comes from the mouth.

[正] Beware! A close mouth catches no flies.

注：这又体现了中英文思维角度的差异。一个是“入”，一个是“挡”。虽然说法不同，但都十分形象。

296. 他对什么都无所谓了 ---死猪不怕开水烫嘛！

[误] He cares about nothing ---a dead pig never fears boiling water.

[正] He cares about nothing ---a dead mouse feels no cold.

注：“死猪不怕开水烫”是一句十分形象的中国俗语，它在英语中也有对应表达，只不过喻体变成了“老鼠”，但也很妙哦！

299. 那位有钱的女人从头到脚都珠光宝气的。

[误] That rich woman is covered with jewellery from head to foot.

[正] That rich woman is covered with jewellery from top to toe.

注：虽然人有十个脚趾，但英语的“从头到脚”却要用单数的 toe 来表达，这也是约定俗成的问题。

300. 困境之中，我们需要能人帮助。

[误] We need a capable person to help us in time of difficulties.

[正] We need a capable person to help us in times of difficulties.

注：time 是指“时间，时候，时刻”，而表示“境况”要用 times。又如：What a times you'll have doing that（干那事可够你受的）；hard times（艰难时世）。times 还可表示“时代”，如：What wonderful times we live in（我们生活在多么了不起的时代啊）。