定语从句

I: 概念

在主从复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句一般放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的词有关系代词: that, which, who, whom, whose, as和关系副词: when, where, why。关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又作定语从句的一个成分。

II: 关系代词和关系副词的用法

That          指代人或物，前面不能出现介词，不能引导非限定性定语从句。

Which         指代物，常用介词+which结构，引导限定性定语从句或非限定性定语从句，引导非限定性定语从句时，which有时指代先行词，有时指代整个主句。

As                    用法较为特殊。在限定性定语从句中，若先行词受到such，so，the same 修饰时，关系代词使用as；在非限定性定语从句中，as含有“正如”的意思，引导的定语从句可以放在主句前面也可以放在主句后面。例如：

               Pingdu is so beautiful a place as many people want to visit.

              Pingdu is such a beautiful place as many people want to visit.

              As we all know, Pingdu is a beautiful place.

Who                 指代人，做主格

Whom        指代人，做宾格

Whose        指代人或物，需要和名词连用，构成whose+n 结构

When         在定语从句中做时间状语，指代表示时间的先行词

Where         在定语从句中做地点状语，指代表示地点的先行词

Why         在定语从句中做原因状语，先行词只能是reason （亲，先行词是

reason时，关系词可不一定是why奥！）

III ：限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别  

    ①My brother who works in Beijing is a doctor.

        我在北京工作的弟弟是名医生。

    ②My brother, who works in Beijing, is a doctor.

        我弟弟在北京工作，是名医生。

    限定性定语从句和先行词间没有逗号，如例句 ① ，非限定性定语从句和先行

词之间有逗号如例 ② 。这是两种从句在形式的区别。

如果从内容上区别，可以从两者的翻译看出，限定性定语从句之所以称为限定，是因为被修饰的词不是唯一的，所以只有限定了以后，表述才会清楚。如在例① 中，如果把先行词改为wife，那句子就成了“我在北京工作的妻子是名医生。”言外之意，在其他地方可能还有妻子。这在中国的法律框架下是不被允许的。

另通过翻译我们发现，限定性定语从句的翻译方法更接近形容词的用法，而非限定性定语从句翻译不出定语的意味。

IV ：定语从句的合成

简单句 ① I don’t like the song.

简单句 ② This song is very noisy.

简单句 ②是对简单句① 中the song 的修饰，因此两个简单句可以合成限定性定

语从句

I don’t like the song which/ that is very noisy.

再如：

简单句 ① Mary was late again.

简单句 ② This made the teacher upset.

简单句 ②是对简单句① 的补充，this指代 ① 整个句子，因此两个简单句可以合成

非限定性定语从句

Mary was late again, which made the teacher upset.

V ：定语从句中的介词+which/whom现象

1. 考查定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯

  （1） 看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配

   Water is the natural medium in which fish live. 水是鱼类赖以生存的自然环境。（注意搭配live in）

The documents for which they were searching have been recovered. 他们找寻的文件已经找到了。（注意搭配 search for）

   This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while. 这是一个我们可能长时间争论的问题。（注意搭配 argue about）

   I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss books and music. 我想找到一个可以和我谈书和音乐的人。（注意搭配 discuss sth with sb）

   注：有一些介词为固定搭配的一部分，此时它们的位置应注意。如：

   The boy （whom） my sister is looking after is getting better.

   不能说成：The boy after whom my sister is looking is getting better.

  （2） 看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配

   He referred me to some reference books with which I am not very familiar. 他要我去参考一些我不熟悉的参考书。（注意搭配 be familiar with）

2. 考查先行词与介词的搭配习惯

   这类考题往往要根据具体的语境来选择介词。如：

   This is our classroom， in the front of which there is a teacher’s desk. 这是我们的教室，前面有老师的讲台。（注意搭配 in the front of our classroom）

   I’ll never forget the day on which she said goodbye to me. 我永远不会忘记她与我们告别的那一天。（注意搭配 on the day）

3. 考查表示所属关系的 of which 〔whom〕

   On the blackboard the teacher wrote a sentence， the meaning of which I don’t understand. 老师在黑板上写了一个句子，句子的意思我不明白。（注意搭配 the meaning of the sentence）

4. 考查表示整体与部分关系的 of which 〔whom〕

   I have five English dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best. 我有5本英语词典，其中最好的是朗文词典。（注意搭配 of the five dictionaries）

   The buses， most of which were already full， were surrounded by an angry crowd. 多数公共汽车已经上满了人，周围是一伙愤怒的群众。（注意搭配 most of the buses）

I met the fruit-pickers， several of whom were university students. 我碰到那些摘水果的人，其中有好几个是大学生。（注意搭配 several of them）

5. 考查表示同位关系的 of which 〔whom〕

Her sons， both of whom work abroad， rang her up this morning. 她的两个儿子都在国外工作，今天早上给她打了电话。（注意搭配 both of her sons）

 

【边学边练】用适当的介词和关系代词填空。

  1. Do you like the book _____ she spent $10?

  2. Do you like the book _____ she paid $10?

  3. Do you like the book _____ she learned a lot?

  4. Do you like the book _____ she often talks?

  5. He built a telescope _____ he could study the skies.

  6. There is a tall tree outside，_____ stands our teacher.

  7. China has a lot of rivers， the second longest _____ is the Yellow River.

  8. The tower _____ people can have a good view is on the hill.

  9. The man _____ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling.

10. He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows，most _____ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.

  11. The workers，some _____ stayed for four years，came from different countries.

  12. The committee consists of 20 members，5 _____ are women.

  13. The book contains 50 poems，most _____ were written in the 1930s.

VI ：定语从句中的其它特殊情况

i ：限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况

1．当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时
(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?
(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.
(3) All that can be done has been done.
(4) There is little that I can do for you.
2. 当先行词被序数词修饰
(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
(1) This is the best film that I have seen.
4. 当形容词被the very, the only 修饰时
(1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy,
(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.
5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时
(1) Who is the man that is standing there?
(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时
(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?

ii：关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。但注意先行词被one of 以及 the one of修饰时的不同。

    a. He is one of the foreign experts who work in China.

    b. He is the only one of the foreign experts who works in China

iii：先行词是the way时，若从句中缺少方式状语，引导定语从句可用that或in which，或者不用关系词。

I don’t like the way that/ in which/ /  you treat her.

注意与下列句子的区分：

This is the way that/ which/ / he told us.

Can you tell me the way that / which can lead us to the small village.

iv： a) whose既指人又指物，作定语。可与of which交替使用。常用the + n+ of which 或者 of which + the +n

They built a new factory, whose windows face south.

= They built a new factory, the windows of which/ of which the windows face south.

b) of which前的名词也可以由some, any, none, all, both, several

I bought ten stamps in the post office, some of which/ of which some I like very much.

注意：与some of which/whom 类似的结构都可以写成 of which/whom some

v：关系副词可以用 介词+which替代

when = in / at / on / during which;     where = at/in which    

why  =  for which

 

基础知识练习

1.将下面的句子合成定语从句

1). Do you know the woman? She is talking to Mrs. Dean.

 

2). Thailand has beautiful beaches. People can relax on them.

 

3). We visited an old building. It was built hundreds of years ago.

 

4). We visited a big farm. The farmers keep many kinds of animals on the farm.

 

5). This is the factory .His father  used  to work in the factory.

 

6). My aunt is looking for her bike. She lost her bike yesterday.

 

7). After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town. He grew up as a child in the town.

 

8). The young lady is their new English teacher. She is watering flowers.

 

9). The little boy has been found just now. They were looking for the little boy.

 

10). I don’t like the people. They smoke a lot.

 

2.几种易混的情况

1). I’ll never forget the days______we worked together.

2). I’ll never forget the days ______we spent together.

3). I went to the place       I worked ten years ago.

4). I went to the place ______I visited ten years ago.

5). This is the reason __________he was late.

6). This is the reason ___________ he gave.

3.非限制性定语从句和单句的比较

1). I am reading Harry Porter, _____is an interesting book.

2). He failed in the exam._______ made his parents angry.

3). He failed in the exam, _______made his parents angry.

4). He has two sons. Both of ________ are teachers.

5). He has two sons, both of ________ are teachers.

4. 用that , which or who?

1). He did all / everything _______he could to help me.

2). This is the very thing _______ I am after.

3). We talked about the men and the things _______ we remembered at school.

4). He is the only man _______ can do the work.

5). This is the first thing _______ I want to say.

6). He is the finest man _______ I have ever worked with.

7). Who is the man _______ spoke to you at the gate.

8). Which is the star _______ is nearest to the earth.

 

5.介词+which

1). The sun gives us heat and light, _______ _________ we can’t live.

2). The student _______ _________ we were talking is the best student in our class.

3). I’ll never forget the day _______ _________ she said good-bye to me.

4). Who can give me the reason __________ he hasn’t turned up yet?

5). He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows, _______ _________ _____hadn’t  been cleaned for at least a year.

6). The man _______ _________ you shook hands just now is our headmaster.

7). The room _______ _________ my family live used to be a garage.

8). Did you find the pen _______ _________ I wrote just now?

 

6.补全句子

1). They live in a house, whose windows are made of glass.

    They live in a house, ____ _________ ___ ______ are made of glass.

2). He has two daughters, and both of them are college students.

　  He has two daughters, _____ ____ ______ are college students.

3). China has hundreds of islands, the largest of which is Tai Wan.

　  China has hundreds of islands, _______ _________ the largest is Tai Wan.

4). Can you think of a situation where this word is used?

　  Can you think of a situation _______ _________ this word is used?

5). China has a lot of famous writers and Lu Xun is one of them.

　   China has a lot of famous writers, one ___ _______ is Lu Xun.

     7. 翻译句子

1).孙老师写的书是世界上最好的书。

 

2).你喜欢的书就是我喜欢的书。

 

3).你知道他迟到的原因吗？

 

4).我讨厌hate我住过的那个旅馆hotel。

 

5).我永远也忘不了我们一块学习的那些日子

 

6).有什么事我能帮你吗？

 

7).Mary没有完成作业，这让老师非常生气。

 

8).这就是你能在上面找到答案的那一页.

 

9).正像你知道的那样钱是非常重要的。

 

定语从句练习题

1. The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.

A. Which B. where C. what D. in which

2. Do you know the man _______?

A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke

3. This is the hotel _______last month.

A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed

C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed

4. Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded?

A. which B. that C. when D. on which

5. That is the day ______I'll never forget.

A. which B. on which C. in which D. when

6. The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.

A. where B. to which C. which D. in which

7. Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _______we are working.

A. where B. that C. which D. there

8. This is one of the best films _______.

A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown

C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked

9. Can you lend me the book ______the other day?

A. about which you talked B. which you talked

C. about that you talked D. that you talked

10. The pen ______he is writing is mine.

A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which

11. They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy.

A. whom B. who C. which D. that

12. The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old.

A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom

13. It there anyone in your class ______family is in the country?

A. who B. who's C. which D. whose

14. I'm interested in ______you have said.

A. all that B. all what C. that D. which

15. I want to use the same dictionary ______was used yesterday.

A. which B. who C. what D. as

16. He isn't such a man ______he used to be.

A. who B. whom C. that D. as

17. He is good at English, ______we all know.

A. that B. as C. whom D. what

18. Li Ming, ______to the concert enjoyed it very much.

A. I went with B. with whom I went C. with who I went D.I went with him

19. I don't like ______ as you read.

A. the novels B. the such novels C. such novels D. same novels

20. He talked a lot about things and persons ________they remembered in the school.

A. which B. that C. whom D. what

21. The letter is from my sister, ______is working in Beijing.

A. which B. that C. whom D. who

22. In our factory there are 2,000 workers, two thirds of ____are women.

A. them B. which C. whom D. who

23. You're the only person ______I've ever met ______could do it.

A. who;/ B./; whom C. whom;/ D./; who

24. I lost a book, ______I can't remember now.

A. whose title B. its title C. the title of it D. the title of that

25. Last summer we visited the West Lake, ______Hangzhou is famous in the world.

A. for which B. for that C. in which D. what

26. I have bought such a watch _______ was advertised on TV.

A. that B. which C. as D. it

27. I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.

A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when

28. The way ______he looks at problems is wrong.

A. which B. whose C. what D./

29. This is the reason ______he didn't come to the meeting.

A. in which B. with which C. that D. for which

30. This machine, ______for many years, is still working perfectly.

A. after which I have looked B. which I have looked after

C. that I have looked after D. I have looked after

31. The reason ______he didn't come was ______he was ill.

A. why; that B. that; why C. for that; that D. for which; what

32. He is working hard, ______will make him pass the final exam.

A. that B. which C. for which D. who

33.That is not the way ______I do it.

A./  B. which C. for which D. with which

34.I have two grammars, ______are of great use.

A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which

35.I want to use the same tools _______used in your factory a few days ago.

A. as was B. which was C. as were D. which

36.My neighbors used to give me a hand in time of trouble, _______ was very kind of them.

A. who B. which C. that D. it

37. This is the magazine _______ I copied the paragraph.

A. that B. which C. from that D. from which

38. He is not such a man _______ would leave his work half done.

A. that B. which C. who D. as

39. You can depend on whatever promise _______ he makes.

A. / B. why C. when D. whose

40. Smoking, _______ is a bad habit, is, however, popular.

A. that B. which C. it D. though

41. --- Did you ask the guard _______ happened?

--- Yes, he told me all _______ he knew.

A. what; that B. what; what C. which; which D. that; that

42. I shall never forget those years _______ I lived on the farm with the farmers, _______ has a great effect on my life.

A. when; who B. that; which C. which; that D. when; which

43. The number of the people who _______ cars _______ increasing.

A. owns; are B. owns; is C. own; is D. own; are

44. During the days ________, he worked as a servant at the Browns.

A. followed B. following C. to follow D. that followed

45. Is oxygen the only gas _______ helps fire burn?

A. that B. / C. which D. it

46. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, _______ he could see _____ was going on inside house.

A. which; what B. through which; what C. through that; what D. what; that

47. Is _______ some German friends visited last week?

A. this school B. this the school C. this school one D. this school where

48. John got beaten in the game, _______ had been expected.

A. as B. that C. what D. who

49. I have bought two ballpens, _______ writes well.

A. none of them B. neither of them C. neither of which D. none of which

50. All that can be eaten _______ eaten up.

A. are being B. has been C. had been D. have been

 

 

答案详解

 

1.A. 定语从句缺少主语，所以选用关系代词which。

2.C. "和谁讲话”要说speak to sb. 本题全句应为Do you know the man whom I spoke to.。whom是关系代词，作介词to的宾语，可以省略。

3.D. where是关系副词，表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。

4.C. when是关系副词，表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。

5.A. which是关系代词，在从句中作forget的宾语。其他几个答案都不能作宾语。

6.C. 解析同第5题。

7.A. 解析见第3题。

8.A. 本句话的先行词应该是films,因此，关系代词that是负数概念，其谓语动词应用复述的被动语态have been shown。如果句中的one前面使用了定冠词the，则the one应该视为先行词。

9. A. “谈到某事物”应说talk about sth.。about是介词，其后要用which作宾语，不能用that。

10. A. with which是"介词+关系代词"结构,常用来引导定语从句.with有"用"的意思,介词之后只能用which,不能用that. with which在定语从句中作状语,即he is writing with a pen.

11. C. in front of which 即in front of a farmhouse. In front of which在从句中作状语.

12.D. with whom引导定语从句.with whom放在从句中即为:my father works with the engineer.

13.D. whose引导定语从句,在从句中作主语family的定语.

14. A. that引导定语从句,因为先行词是all,所以只能选用that引导.

15.D. the same……..as是固定用法, as引导定语从句时,可以作主语,宾语或表语.在本句话中,as作从句的主语.

16.D. such……… as是固定用法,as引导定语从句时,可以作主语,宾语或表语.在本题中,as作表语.

17. B. as作关系代词可以单独用来引导非限制性定语从句。这时as所指代的不是主句中某个名词，而往往指代整个主句的含义。as在从句中可以作主语、宾语。从句可放在主句后，也可置于主句前。在本句中,as作宾语.

18. B. Li Ming enjoyed it very much是主句,with whom I went to the concert是定语从句.with whom放在从句中为:I went to the concert with Li Ming.

19. C. as引导定语从句时通常构成such…as或the same…as固定搭配，其中such和same修饰其后的名词，as为关系代词，指代其前的名词引导定语从句。 as在从句中可以作主语、表语或宾语。Such修饰单数名词时,要用such a……..,本题中such books, such直接修饰复数名词.

20. B. things和persons是先行词.当定语从句要修饰的先行词是既表示人,又表示物的名词时,其关系代词要用that.

21. D. who引导非限制性定语从句,who作从句的主语.

22. C. two thirds of whom 即:two thirds of the 2,000 workers.

23. D. 先行词person后有两个定语从句,第一个从句省略了关系代词whom.因为, whom作从句中met的宾语,可以省略.第二个从句who could do it.who在从句中作主语,不可省略.

24. A. whose title引导非限制性定语从句,whose title也可以说成the title of which

25.A. for which 引导定语从句,使用介词for,是来自于从句中的固定短语 be famous for "以……..而闻名".

26. C. 当先行词被such修饰时,引导定语从句的关系代词要用as. As在本从句中作主语.

27. A. 两个先行词the day都是表示时间的名词,但第一个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作状语,因此要用关系副词when. 第二个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作动词spent的宾语,因此要用关系代词which或that来引导定语从句.

28. D. 在way后的定语从句中，若定语从句主要结构已经完整，常用that，in which，或不填关系词。

29. D. for which在定语从句中作原因状语,可用why 来替代.

30. B. which I have looked after 构成一个非限制性定语从句.

31. A. The reason why… was that….已成为一种固定句型，这一句中的why和that不能随意换位，也不能将that改成because，尽管that这个词在译文中可能有 “因为”的含义。

32. B. 非限制性定语从句常用which引导,which表示前句话的整个含义.

33. A. 解释见28题.

34. D. 主句中的two表明不能选A.从句中的are表明不能选B. both of which用来引导非限制性定语从句.

35. C. as引导定语从句时通常构成such…as或the same…as固定搭配，其中such和same修饰其后的名词，as为关系代词，指代其前的名词引导定语从句。as在从句中可以作主语、表语或宾语。本题中as作从句的主语.

36. B. 非限制性定语从句常用which引导,which表示前句话的整个含义.

37. D. 通过还原可知，I copied this paragraph from this magazine.

38. D. 解析见35题.

39. A. he makes是定语从句, 从句前省略了关系代词that.

40. B. which is a bad habit 非限制性定语从句.

41. A. what happened是宾语从句. all 之后that he knew是定语从句.先行词是all,所以关系代词只能用that.

42. D. years是表示时间的名词,用when引导定语从句,是因为when在从句中作时间状语.第二个空选用which,引导一个非限制性定语从句.

43. C. 本句话的定语从句是who own cars. 其先行词是people,因此,定语从句的谓语动词要用复数的own。本句话主句的主语是The number of指“…..的数目”，是单数概念。因此，主句的谓语动词要用is。

44. D. that followed是定语从句，关系代词that在从句中作主语。

45. A. 先行词gas被only修饰，关系代词要用that，而不用which。

46. B. through which引导定语从句，through which即through the hole,在定语从句中作状语。What引导的是see的宾语从句，并作从句的主语。

47. B. 为便于理解，改写本句话：This is the school that some German friends visited last week. 不难看出，作表语的the school是先行词。that引导了定语从句，因为that同时又作visited的宾语，所以被省略了。其它选项结构不对。

48. A. 解释见35题。

49. C. 因为是two ballpens, 并且定语从句的谓语writes是单数概念。因此，C是正确选项。

50. B. 本句话中，主句的主语是all,为抽象概念。因此，其谓语应用单数的has been。关系代词that引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语。