2012年沈阳师范大学外国语学院850语言学考研真题

科目代码：850

科目名称：语言学

I. 解释下列术语（共5题，每题4分，合计20分）

1．aphasia

2．IC analysis

3．productivity (as a property of language)

4．locutionary act

5．phoneme

II. 简单回答下列问题（共5题，每题8分，合计40分）

1．What is meant by “arbitrariness” according to Saussure?

2．Is there a general trend in language change?

3．What are the crucial features of diglossia in the narrow sense of the term?

4．Why is spoken language primary and writing secondary?

5．Explain sentence meaning and utterance meaning.

III. 用语言学理论分析下列各题（共4题，每题10分，合计40分）

1．Study the follow note. Name at least 4 ways Tom uses for showing politeness.

Dear Professor Wang,

I’m writing to apologize for my failure to turn up for our appointment yesterday. One of my best friends came to see me. We haven’t seen each other for more than 5 years. Please pardon me. I wonder if it is possible to have another appointment sometime this weekend. Thank you.

Yours truly,

Tom

2．How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences, using semantic features?

a. The television drank my water.

b. His dog writes poetry.

3．We can use the pattern “it is…” (the cleft construction) to emphasize any part of a sentence except the predicate. What can we do if we must emphasize it? Please emphasize every possible part of the following sentence:

I saw an ambulance before the building yesterday.

4．Think of the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle proposed by P. Grice. Explain the violation of maxims in the cases below and point out their possible implicature.

(1) A: Could you define the term gynecology?

B: Well, gynecology is gynecology. That’s it.

(2) A: I like this popular song so much. How about you?

B: I often hear classical music.

(3) A: Let’s dine out with the kids this weekend.

B: Okay, but not M-c-D-o-n-a-l-d-s.

A: London’s the capital of the United States.

B: Yes, Beijing’s the capital of Japan.

IV. 回答下列问题（共2题，每题25分，合计50分）

1．Saussure puts forwards the concept of langue and parole, and Chomsky puts forward the concept of competence and performance. Please explain the differences and similarities, if any, of the two pairs: langue and parole vs. competence and performance.

2．Make a comment on the following statement based on your own experience:

There exists a close relationship between language and culture. In other words, a successful master of a given language has much to do with an understanding of that culture.

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