说说“租家代理”:以船东的视角
(2015-10-30 22:11:40)分类: 经验转载 |
船代 = 船舶代理
在Dictionary of Shipping Terms一书中,关于船舶代理有如下定义:
【Ship's agent】
Person who looks after the interests of a ship while she is in
port. His duties include the arranging of pilotage, towage and a
berth for the ship, the signing of bills of lading and the
collection of freight. The agent is paid a fee, agreed in advance
with the shipowner.
【船舶代理】
船舶在港期间,照管船舶利益的人。其职责包括安排船舶的引航、拖轮与靠泊,提单签发,运费收取等。船东按事先同意向代理支付费用。(delphine译)
根据船舶代理的定义,显然,在航次租船合同中,船代应该由船东选择,委托,并支付费用,以保证船舶在港期间顺利作业。
但在实务中,并不这么简单,存在“船东代理”与“租家代理”的区分。Dictionary of Shipping
Terms一书,分别做如下定义:
【Owner's agent】
Ship's agent nominated by, and paid by, the shipowner in
accordance with the charter-party.
【船东代理】
由船东根据租船合同所指定并支付费用的船舶代理。(delphine译)
【Charterer's agent】
Ship's agent nominated by the voyage charterer in accordance
with the charter-party. Although nominated by the charterer, the
agent is paid by, and is responsible to, the shipowner. See also
Ship's agent.
【租家代理】
由航次租船人根据租船合同指定的船舶代理。尽管由租船人指定,该代理由船东支付费用,并对船东负责。参见“船舶代理”。(delphine译)
航次租船合同中,先由租家指定船舶代理,再由船东委托,这种做法,来源与油轮运输。据资料介绍,船东委托租家指定的船舶代理,该惯例起源于20世纪60年代。
当时,世界的几大石油公司逐步改变以往运输模式,即用自有船运自己的货,而是改为在航运现货市场租船运输。这些石油公司希望继续与自己原来委托的港口代理合作。这些代理熟悉石油公司的业务,可以保证装卸作业顺利,即使石油公司不再控制运输环节,仍然希望有代理指定权。石油巨头们坚持指定船舶代理的习惯做法延续下来,并渗透入干散货海上运输中,成为租船运输中的常见操作方式。
(以上整理自 Intermediary,2002年10月号,“Who’s agent am I?”一文。)
航次租船合同中,代理指定权对船东而言,十分重要,是不肯轻易让与租家的。
理由包括:
在航次成本控制上,代理指定方显然有更大的议价能力,降低港口费用;
在航次作业的顺利安排,自己熟悉的代理更利于操作配合;
一旦船东与租家发生利益纷争,如事实记录争议,无单放货争议等,所谓“租家(船舶)代理”,究竟是租家的代理,还是船舶的代理,不能不打上一个问号;
......
很多时候,船东面临租方市场,可能也不得不妥协。下面考察一下常见租船合同范本中代理条款:
方式1:
船东自行委托代理,租家不干预
这是航运业的传统做法,条款规定相对简单,如:
GENCON 1994
Clause 14. Agency
In every case the Owners shall appoint their own Agent both at
the port of loading and the port of discharge.
GENCON 1994是租船运输中采用较多的范本,由船东组织BIMCO制订。
又如油轮租约 ASBATANKVOY 1977
Clause 22. AGENTS
The Owners shall appoint Vessel’s agents at all ports.
方式2:
代理由租家指定/选择,船东委托,所谓“租家代理”出现了。例如:
巴尔的摩粮食租船合同,BALTIMORE FORM 1976 – Berth Grain Charter
Party
Agents
…… At loading port/s, Owners to appoint and employ agents as
selected by Charterers. At discharging port/s, Owners to appoint
and employ agents as selected by Charterers.
又如:
糖类租船合同,SUGAR CHARTER-PARTY 1999
Clause 7. AGENTS
At port(s) of loading and discharging Owners to appoint,
employ and to be solely responsible for Agents, as selected by
Charterers without risk or liability to Charterers, for all ship’s
business, owners paying the agency fees.
方式3:
在合同中直接明确规定代理名称:
如煤炭运输租船合同 AMWELTH 93 – AMERICANIZED WELSH COAL CHARTER
Clause 17. Agents
The Vessel shall be consigned to …… agents at port(s) of
loading, and to …… agents at port(s) of discharge.
类似规定的还有:
水泥运输合同 CEMENTVOY 2006
Clause 36. Agency
At the port(s) of loading the Vessel shall be consigned to the
Agents as stated in Box 31(i) and at the port(s) of discharge to
the Agents as stated in Box 31(ii), the Owners always paying the
customary fees.
直接在合同中订明船舶代理,有较大局限性。在洽谈租船合同时,可能还无法及时选择适合的代理,甚至可能装/卸货港口还未确定。
方式4:
租船合同中列明选项,谁来指定代理,由双方协商选定。例如
谷物运输合同 GRAINCON 2003 – BIMCO Standard Grain Voyage Charter
Party
Clause 27. Agents
The Owners*/Charterers* shall nominate agents at loading
port(s) and the Owners*/Charterers* shall nominate agents at
discharge port(s).
The Owners shall appoint agents as nominated above. In all
instances, agency fee shall be for Owners’s account but shall not
exceed customary applicable fees.
*Delete as appropriate.
(((以上航次租船合同范本,大都可以在网络上搜索到)))
从以上四种方式来看,方式1属于船东代理,方式2属于租家代理,方式3和4则取决于船东与租家的谈判结果。再从租船合同范本制定者考察,船东组织制定的范本大都趋向于船东代理或双方协商,而货主组织或行业协会更倾向于租家代理。可见,代理指定权的重要性,越来越被船、货双方所重视。
在实务中,更多的情况下,租家直接要去删去合同范本中的代理条款,而在附加条款中加上:
Owners to appoint Charterers nominated agents at
load/discharge port(s).
甚至可能简单的在 Fixture Note 里简单写为几个单词:
CHARTERERS AGENT BOTH ENDS.
应该看到,在买卖市场中,买方天然地占有强势地位。租船市场也是如此,历史经验分析,租方市场远远多于船方市场。在实务中,租家指定代理--或者说使用“租家代理”,已逐渐经成为航次租船运输中盛行的方式。船东不得不面对这个现实。
很多问题,也由此产生。
问题一:费用控制
如前面提到,“租家代理”操作方式源于租家对船舶在港顺利作业的需要。
但随着船代行业竞争加剧,代理公司营销加强,租船人发现,争取代理指定权还会带来另外的回报,即从租家代理处取得一定的回扣。据说,有时该回扣可能高达代理费的一半。
船东显然不欢迎这种形式的回扣,它将增加代理费支出,降低航次收益。因此,在接受租家指定代理条款时,往往坚持对代理费做出一定限制。例如,在租船合同中订明,费率必须是有竞争力的(competitive),或者是惯常的(customary):
Agency:
Vessel agents shall be nominated by Charterers at loading and
discharging port(s), provided rate is competitive.Customary agency
fees shall be for the Owners' account.
competitive和customary之类的措辞,恐怕难有一个客观的标准,容易引起争议。实践中,往往是船东与代理各让一步,代理报价做适当优惠,达到各方能接受的利益平衡点。
这样,租家代理可能一方面要支付租家的回扣,另一方面要向船东提供优惠费率,利润变得微薄。新问题来了
问题二:代理资质
价格的竞争,会不会导致服务质量下降呢?在争取国内租家的代理指派中,小型的私营代理公司往往具有优势,原因值得思考。
船舶代理业的门槛并不高。例如,《中华人民共和国国际海运条例》规定,在国内经营船舶代理业务,应具备两个基本条件:(1)至少2个具有3年以上国际海运经营经验的高级业务管理人员;(2)有固定营业场所和必要营业设施。
租家指定的代理,不具备合格的业务能力,造成的损失,租家是否应负有责任?又如,租家指定代理后,船东将港口费用备用金支付该代理,之后代理破产,谁来承担后果?
船东的自然反应是,租家应该对其指定的代理负有一定的责任,包括其财务实力和执行能力。但上述各代理条款措辞简单,无法充分保护船东的利益。
对此,国际独立油轮船东协会(INTERTANKO)拟定了一个较全面的航次租船合同代理条款:
INTERTANKO AGENCY CLAUSE:
Where charterers under this charterparty have the right to
nominate the vessel's agents at any port and they wish to exercise
such right, they shall do so at the same time as the nomination of
such port and they shall exercise due diligence to ensure that such
agents are reliable, competent, competitive in price and service
and (where possible) have ISO 9002 (or substantially equivalent)
certification. If charterers fail to nominate the agent at the time
that the port is nominated then owners may reject any subsequent
nomination of agents by charterers. The appointment of such agents
is subject always to owners' right to appoint protective agents in
any port if they so wish.
该条款比较好的平衡了租家和船东的权利和义务。除了对租家指定代理做了基本的规范,也涉及其它几个重要问题,如:
租家没有及时指定代理,船东可以自行委托船东代理;
船东有权委托保护代理,监督租家代理的操作,维护船东利益。
即使船东未能通过谈判在租船合同中加入该条款,实务操作中也应当注意以上几个方面。
问题三:保护代理
于是,保护代理就这样产生了。理论上的定义:
【Protecting agent】
Person or company appointed by a shipowner to protect his
interests and to supervise the work carried out by the ship's agent
when the owner's ship is in port. The ship's agent may be the only
agent at the port or he may have been appointed or nominated by the
charterer and therefore not the choice of the shipowner. Also
referred to as a supervisory agent or protective agent.
【保护代理】
由船东委任的个人或公司,在该船东的船舶在港期间,保护船东的利益,并监督船舶代理的工作。船舶代理可能是该港唯一的代理,或是由租家指定的代理,船东无代理选择权。参见“监护代理”。(delphine译)
以上引自Dictionary of Shipping Terms
委托保护代理,必然产生额外的费用。但在节省成本,控制船期等方面,合格称职的保护代理可能给船东带来巨大的帮助!
何认识保护代理的作用?这里如本贴标题所示,仅以船东的视角略做探讨,下面摘录某国际知名航运公司的租船操作内部培训资料:
PROTECTIVE AGENTS
When chartering out our vessels, it may be prudent and in some
cases necessary to appoint protective agents to look after owners’
interest. Do not be penny wise, pound foolish. The savings that we
can achieve by using good and effective protective agents (through
reduced costs or quicker dispatch) could more than offset the fee
payable to the protective agents. As a rule, we should at least
consult or check on local conditions with our representatives where
we do have area offices.
- Example Elaboration
MV ABC – Voyage Charter
By paying USD 1,500 only to Barwil Agency, our protective
agents at Cigading, we managed to avoid paying USD 43,000 which the
charterers’ agents claimed to be payable as surcharge fee for using
iron ore berth to receive wheat cargo.
MV XYZ – Time Charter
Vessel has scheduled to load petcoke (which required ‘clean’
holds) at Port Arthur right after completion of discharge of
bauxite at Point Comfort. In view of the short ballast leg of 12
hours and the deteriorated holds condition, we appointed Alan
Basden as our protective agents who took proactive action of
sending a surveyor to Point Comfort to advise vessel/crew on steps
to take prevent holds failure. As a result, no delay
occurred.
We want to save money. We do not want to waste money but
remember we must not be penny-wise pound foolish.
上面的最后一句话,做事不要“小钱精明、大钱糊涂”。但涉及到费用成本时,大家总要算算各自的账,有种做法,算得很精明:
问题四:包干港费
港口使费,包括代理费,按照惯例是由船东支付。但有时候,租家通过指定的代理,可以拿到比船东更优惠的费率,自然也就不会错过这个赚钱的机会,会提出港费包干,代为支付,从运费中扣除。
例如,国内某货主标准航次租船合同条款为:
Agents & Port Disbursements
Agents to be nominated by Charterers at both loading and
discharging ports.Owners are to pay estimated port charges at load
port prior vessel’s arrival directly to nominated agent. For
discharging port(s), Owners shall pay port disbursements a lumpsum
USD 50,000 for one discharging port and usd 70,000 for two
discharging ports and excluding owners/master/crew own expenses,
said amount shall be deducted from first freight payment without
supporting vouchers. Agent are always regarded as owners’
servants.
国内较早采用租家代理并包干港费的做法,是在上世纪90年代中期,由中远率先应用。
当时,航运市场持续低迷,航运经营利润微薄。中远船队在国内铁矿石进口上占据较大承运份额,可以从港方取到优惠费率;而中远与外代之间也有长期代理协议,代理费远低于部颁标准。与国外船东相比,中远在港口使费方面有很大的竞争优势。当中远自有运力无法满足国内货主运输需求时,曾采用如下操作模式:
国外船东<------------------>中国远洋<---------------->国内钢厂
两个航次租船合同(voyage charter 1 &
2),条款基本为背靠背,除了“代理及港费条款”,当时它被成为“宝钢条款”。由于国外船东在国内卸货港无法拿到优惠费率,也乐于接受包干港费,由中远指定外轮代理公司,并代为结算港口费用。在市场低迷的情况下,赚取港口使费差价,成为中远稳定的利润来源之一。
随着代理市场的逐步开放,以及航运市场竞争加剧,目前国内做“港费包干”操作的环境基本不复存在。任何航运公司包括中远已经很难拿到有明显竞争力的港费报价,代理费率的部颁也已经废止。仅有个别实力雄厚的货主,在部分港口存在垄断优势,才有可能继续操作“港费包干”。
我认为,“包干港费”的兴衰,这是市场良性竞争的结果,国内航运市场正变得更加透明,竞争环境更加公平、公开。
继续更新。
接下来想讨论,租家代理的过失导致的损失,租家和船东谁来负责?这个题目似乎比较复杂,涉及合同,涉及实务,也涉及法律,欢迎各位批评、补充,共同学习。
前文已经涉及一些这方面的问题,以下结合案例具体讨论,可以对照上面例举的租船合同条款。不同的条款内容,可能带来租家,船东和租家代理三方不同的地位。先从实践中最常见的租家代理条款说起:
Owners to appoint agents nominated by charterers.
杨良宜先生著作中提过这样一个案例:
【案例一】
伦敦仲裁LMLN No. 285
(1990),有关条文是要去船东在卸货后90天内递交所有的“支持文件”(supporting
documents)。案件的争议什么才算是支持文件,因为船东面临一个问题是装港文件欠缺。因为船东的港口代理人是承租人要求委任。这会带来一定的困难就是,该港口代理人可能会与承租人合作多于与船东的合作,更不用说承租人在背后搞什么鬼,但船东是不会知道,更谈不上有证据了。在该案件中,船东也被仲裁庭认定是没有去追索装港代理人要求有关的文件直到很后期。结果是船东败诉,判是错过了90天时效。(杨良宜著,《装卸时间与滞期费》,大连海事大学出版社,2006年,634-635页)
杨先生提到这个问题,很多船东也时常要面对:租家代理不配合船东。它的后果可大可小,本案中导致船东滞期费索赔失败!
杨著是关于“滞期费”的专著,案情介绍中涉及“代理”的部分很简略。我查阅案例来源,LMLN(Lloyds’ Maritime
Law Newsletter)285,对“租家代理”的内容摘要整理如下:
该航次租船合同是Asbatankvoy格式,附加条款第8条为:
Any claim for demurrage must be received by [charterers] in
writing with supporting documentswithin 90 days of final discharge
and where this provision is not complied with, the claim shall be
deemed to be waived and absolutely barred.
附加条款第11条为:
Owners to appoint agents nominated by charterers at both load
and discharge ports.
在装货港租家指定(nominate)了代理,它是该港唯一的代理,船东也依照合同委托(appoint)该代理。之后,船东先后两次向代理索要Notice
of Readiness,Statement of
Facts和Timesheet,但代理迟迟不予回复。最终,船东向租家递交装港文件时间超过索赔滞期费的时效期限。
船东向仲裁庭提出,租家应指定合格的/胜任的代理,否则应对其后果负责:
…… the owners contended that the charterers were bound, under
additional clause 11, to nominate reasonably competent agents; they
did not do so and that caused the owners to be unable to comply
with additional clause 8 (Demurrage time-bar clause).
但仲裁庭似乎并不支持船东的争辩:
…… So far as the owners’ …… argument was concerned, there
might well be a question whether, in a contract which provided for
a named loading port at which there was only one agent (a fact
which ought to have been known to the owners even if they did not
have actual knowledge of it), there was any room for implying a
duty on the charterers to nominate reasonably competent agents.
Probably the answer to that question was in the negative. But even
assuming that there was some such duty on the charterers, further
questions arose, namely: were the agents reasonably competent? and
if not, did their incompetence cause the owners’ loss?
从以上判决内容来看,关于租家代理,租家是否有义务指定一个“合格的/胜任的”代理,仲裁员并不明确支持;即使假定租家有这样的义务,代理延误递交装港文件是否构成“不胜任”,是否与船东过了时效存在因果关系,都被仲裁庭质疑。
最终,仲裁庭是判船东追索装港文件不够及时和积极,自己承担错过90天时效的后果:
The cause of the owners’ loss was their own failure earlier
and more vigorously to have sought to obtain the documents…… That
broke the chain of causation between any breach of the (assumed)
obligation on the charterers to nominate reasonably competent
agents, and the owners’ inability to recover any demurrage.
注意到判决中assumed一词,仲裁员并没有肯定租家在nominate代理中负有何种义务,反而把更多的责任加在了船东身上。
【小结】
对于“charterers nominate/ owners
appoint”这种模式,英国仲裁裁决的倾向,租家nominate方面的义务要求很低,船东可考虑采用11#楼帖子的条款加以限制;同时,船东想追究租家代理的懈怠责任,不容易成功,应及早委托保护代理进行监督。
节日快乐,继续更新。
接下来一个案例(The Express Patriot案),是美国仲裁,仍然是“Charterers
nominate/Owners appoint”模式。但与案例一不同,它涉及代理的权限,和港口费用是否合理的问题。
【案例二】
航次租船合同,第28条规定:
Charterers are to nominate vessel’s agents at loading port …
In all instances, agency fees shall be for Owners’ account but are
not exceed customary applicable fees.
租家指定(nominate)了Bluewater
Shipping公司作为在装货港的代理,船东予以确认并要求该代理在船舶在港期间,应维护船东利益。
之后,Bluewater
Shipping作为船舶代理向装货码头公司申请泊位,在申请书中接受了该码头的费率条款,包括“船舶原因导致装货延误的,每小时收费USD
5,000”。
装货过程中,由于船舶机械故障,1舱舱盖无法打开,被迫将船舶移往锚地修理。修妥后,重新靠泊装货,共延误10.3个小时。码头公司按照上述费率,向船东收取延误费合计USD
51,500。
-- The Express Patriot, SMA 3899 (2005) (Arnoald, Bulow,
Hansen)
船东的争辩,USD 5,000/小时的码头延误费并不合理,不属于“通常的”港口费用,不应由船东承担。该轮的租金也不过USD
4,150/天。
同时,船东认为,代理在靠泊申请中接受了码头公司的费率,并没有得到船东的授权,该行为对船东无约束力:
(Owner) further argues that the Vessel is not obligated to
accept the terms of (Terminal)’s tariff by virtue of Bluewater's
signing the berthing application on the Vessel's behalf, inasmuch
as Bluewater was acting as Charterer's agent, not Owner's. …… where
a charterer selects an Agent and the vessel owner exercises no
control over that choice, and where the vessel owner exerts no
control over the conduct of that agent, the agent lacks authority
to bind the vessel owner when making berthing arrangements.
仲裁庭驳回了船东的争辩,判USD 51,500 码头延误费 由船东承担。
仲裁庭认为,首先,船舶租金的高低与判断码头延误费是否合理并没有实质的关联;其次,关于代理问题,船东已经接受Bluewater
Shipping作为船舶代理,其申请泊位的行为是代表船东,并对船东产生约束力:
By accepting Clause 28, (Owner) had agreed to the use of
Bluewater Shipping as the Vessel's agents for the loading in New
Orleans. If indeed (Owner) was not satisfied with the nominated
agents or lacked faith in their qualifications, (Owner) could have
retained the services of a protective agent.
【小结】
是船东还是租家,要对代理的行为的后果负责?不仅要看谁委托/指定的代理,更要看代理行为的性质,为了谁而行为。诸如安排引水、拖轮、靠泊等传统上由船东负责的事项,即使是“租家代理”安排,也极可能被认为代表了船东。如果对租家指定这个代理,船东不信任,还是如前文多处强调,尽早委任保护代理。
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