英语教辅报纸常见差错例析及防范(1)
(2017-12-12 08:56:22)
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英语教辅报纸编校差错例析及防范(1)
拼写及版式错误
1.【错例】2008年发生在美国的次贷危机(credit crsis)
【解析】crsis拼写错误,应为“crisis”。
2.【错例】Because of their convinience and low cost,…
【解析】convinience拼写错误,应为“convenience”。
3.【错例】The author’s mather loves the author very much.
4.【错例】Ani mals don’t wear clothes.
【解析】本句的第一个单词不应分开,应该是排版失误所致。Animals don’t wear clothes.
5.【错例】wal k across the bridge.
【解析】wal k 版式错误。正确的应为walk across the bridge.
6.【错例】I’m glad to see you a gain.
【解析】a gain 版式错误。正确的应为I’m glad to see you again.
7.【错例】The medical devices can help sick people, even though they have had illnesses, so I think they are great invention.
8.【错例】…all the way to the trip of South America?
【解析】错例中“trip”一词的使用让人费解,这里应该使用一个表示方位、地点的词,前一段提到“Chile in South America(南美的智利)”,依此判断“trip”应该是“tip”一词的误用。
点评:单词拼写及版式错误是编校中的低级错误。一般的单词拼写错误可以通过校对软件识别,此类低级差错,编辑稍有注意完全可以避免。7、8是比较隐含的拼写错误,要通过句意和上下文加以判断识别,特别需要注意形近易混的单词。如:
big/bag; quiet/quite; affect/effect; angel/angle; expect/except; incident/accident;
sweet/sweat; abroad/aboard; steel/steal
大小写错误
1.【错例】We often have lessons in Room One.
2.【错例】For instance, My brother and I used to live…
【解析】句中的My应为my,不在句首不能大写。
3.【错例】It was not very far. So we walked there.
【解析】 so表示“因此,所以”意义时,它在语法上是表示因果关系的并列连词,用在连接两个前后表示因果关系的句子中间。此句应改为:It was not very far, so we walked there.
4.【错例】Betty: 5.______is it then?(题目要求,选择正确的选项,补充对话)
【解析】所给出的选项中 “F. where”虽然从意思上满足了错例的要求,但形式却不对,应改成大写形式的“Where”才能完全满足错例要求。
同一题中【错例】 Lily: Yes, it is. 7. ______you.【解析】所给出的选项中 “E. thank”也应改成大写形式的“Thank”。
5.【错例】A single spark can start a prairie fire.星星之火,可以燎原
【解析】此标题不符合中英文标题书写规范。作为标题,英语应大写每一个实意词;汉语应不用标点。
点评:大小写差错也属于编校中的低级差错,因为它的规则相对比较简单。但是个别地方还是需要编辑多加注意。比如一些大型节日名称的第一个实词的第一字母都要大写。由普通名词构成的专有名词词组,除其中的冠词、较短的介词和连词外,每个词的第一字母都要大写。大型会议、文件、条约名称的每个实词(虚词:副词、介词、连词、助词、叹词和拟声词则不用大写)的第一个字母都要大写。书名、报刊名应大写首字母,文章标题中的每一个实词的第一个字母要大写。
英汉不对应
1.【错例】表兄(brother-in-law)
2.【错例】大河马望着(see)快乐的小伙伴
【解析】错例中“望着”对应的英语单词应该是“watch”,而不是“see”。“see”表示看的结果,不具有持续性,意为“看见”,例如:I didn’t see anyone in the street.(街上一个人也看不见。)而“watch”和“look”类似,都表示看的动作,具有可持续性,意为“注视、观看、望着”。例如:watch TV (看电视)。是注重结果还是过程,动作是否具有可持续性是区别“see”和“watch / look”的重要依据。
3.【错例】金鱼说:“快下来(come down)吧!… … ”
【解析】错例中将“快下来”当成一个整体,都标成红色,但英语单词“come down”并不包含“快”的含义,只表示“下来”,所以,此处汉语和英语不完全对等。
4.【错例】寻找沉船 (ship)……
【解析】 这句话中“沉船”都标注成了红色,而括号中的英语单词“ship”只与“船”对应,“沉船”在英文中一般是“wrecked ship”,因此,要么将英文注解改成“wrecked ship”,要么只把“船”标注成红色,与“ship”对照,鉴于“沉船的英语表达比较复杂,超出了四年级学生的水平,第二种修改方式似乎更合适些。
5.【错例】为了庆祝水稻(straw)的丰收……
【解析】 这句话中与水稻一词对应的英文应为“rice”,而文中错误地标注成了“straw”。实际上“straw”意为“稻草”、“秸秆”。
6.【错例】by doing sth意为“通过某种方式做某事”,
7.【错例】The city isn’t near(近的) their city,so…
【解析】正确的说法应为:The city isn’t near(在……附近) their city,so…或者The city isn’t near(近的,附近的) to their city,so …错例中的near如理解为“近的,附近的”,是形容词,后面必须加to,然后再接地点名词;如理解为“在……附近”,是介词,接地点名词时,不用介词。
点评:低级差错。造成这种英汉不对应的差错一是粗心,二是缺少对英语单词的正确理解。另外,在一份英语报纸上,为了降低难度主体部分使用汉语叙述,加注英语单词的做法,值得商榷。这种简单的替换也许能让学生短暂记住孤立的单词,而忽略它的用法,更不利于培养语感,难以养成按意群阅读的习惯。不符合现代语言教学的趋势。
标点错误
1.【错例】One kind of ants are very dangerous because _______
A. They can kill animals even people
B. they can eat people
【解析】选项A中even处理不当,其前面应有逗号或有连接词。例如:
He was afraid to go out, even for food.
He kept calling me for
years,
2.【错例】
I have a good friend
3.【错例】“Well, let me sit here, please, I'll let her sit here when she comes back.”
【解析】在英语中,逗号只能用在一个句子中,不能用来连接两个句子,因此,在上面两句子中间必须加上并列连词and。正确的语序应为:“Well, let me sit here, please, and I'll let her sit here when she comes back.”
4. 【错例】Metro, the largest and fastest growing international newspaper in the world was launched in Sweden in 1995.
【解析】此句话中“world”和“was”之间少个逗号。“the largest and fastest growing international newspaper in the world”属于“Metro”的同位语,前后都应与主句部分用逗号隔开。错例改成:Metro, the largest and fastest growing international newspaper in the world, was launched in Sweden in 1995.
5.【错例】How can you persuade them of the advantages of solar cars.
【解析】本句是一个疑问句,句尾须用问号。
6.【错例】… were able to successfully demonstrate, on February 19,2013.
【解析】on February 19,2013”用作时间状语,修饰本句中的动词“demonstrate”,表示动作发生的时间,动词和时间状语间不再用标点符号。正确的说法应为:…were able to successfully demonstrate on February 19,2013.
7.【错例】Next time, when you’re worrying about what some people might think of you, ask yourself “Can their thoughts really affect me” and get on with whatever you want to do.
【解析】直接引语里面漏掉问号。正确的说法应为:Next time, when you’re worrying about what some people might think of you, ask yourself “Can their thoughts really affect me?” and get on with whatever you want to do.
8. 【错例】There in the kitchen, stood a girl I had never seen before.
【解析】本句是一个地点状语前置的倒装句,如不倒装,陈述语序应为: A girl I had never seen before stood there in the kitchen.其中there in the kitchen是修饰谓语动词stood的修饰性地点状语,不是修饰整个句子的评注性状语,因此,如同在陈述语序中不能使用逗号一样,错例中的逗号使用不妥,应去掉。正确的说法应为:There in the kitchen stood a girl I had never seen before.
9. 【错例】For some people, standing before a room full of people, can be more frightening than skydiving or swimming with sharks.
【解析】正确的说法应为:For some people, standing before a room full of people can be more frightening than skydiving or swimming with sharks.
本句是属于“主-系-表”句型的一个句子,主语是动名词短语standing before a room full of people,谓语是一个系表结构(can be more frightening),在主语和谓语之间不能再使用逗号把主语和谓语分离开来。
点评:此类差错分三种,1漏掉标点;2.多加标点;3.用错标点。标点符号的使用与句型结构紧密相连。首先判断所用句子是哪类句式,比如陈述句、疑问句、倒装句等;其次弄清主从复合句、并列句,以及句子中各个成分的关系是正确使用标点符号的关键。请大家注意学习2012.06正式实施的《标点符号用法》GB/T15834-2011。
冠词错误
1.【错例】I am reading book.
【解析】英语中,可数名词单数前要加不定冠词。正确表达应为I am reading a book..
2.【错例】I’d like eggplant for lunch.
【解析】eggplant 是可数名词单数,前面应该加不定冠词an,或须用其复数形式 eggplants, 表泛指。
3.【错例】Last year,I got first place in a climbing…
【解析】正确的说法应为:Last year,I got the first place in a climbing…在序数词前面,一般用定冠词或形容词性物主代词。又如:Tom is their second son.
4.【错例】Driving too fast can cause the accident easily.
5.【错例】Turn off your consciousness when you meet a enjoyable moment.
6.【错例】They live in the mountains in Southwest of China.
7.【错例】 A delegation of the Shenzhou Ⅶ including…
【解析】 “神7”就是 Shenzhou Ⅶ, 前面不加冠词。由“名词+数词”构成的专有名词前面为零冠词,但如果数词改为序数词放在名词前面时则需用定冠词,如 Lesson Five, the Fifth Lesson。
8.【错例】Sanlu Milk Powder Incident is one of the typical examples.
【解析】“Sanlu Milk Powder Incident” 是由普通名词构成的专有名词,前面应加定冠词“the Sanlu Milk Powder Incident ”。
9.【错例】… and covers total area of 1,200 square kilometers…
【解析】“area”一词是可数名词,表达某一地方占多大面积时,英文的惯常表达法是“cover an area of …”,例如:The island covers a total area of 625.6 square kilometers.错例中“total area”前遗漏了不定冠词“a”。
10.【错例】Its
unforgettable architecture and an atmosphere can’t
【解析】这是一个有关前置限定词方面的语言错误。在本文中,architecture and atmosphere 是并列主语,它们受 Its的限制,作为形容词性物主代词,Its不能和冠词同时出现,所以an不能再出现在 Its之后。正确的应为:Its unforgettable architecture and atmosphere can’t be found anywhere else。
点评:在英语中,冠词主要用来修饰名词和代词,但是用法比较复杂,属于难掌握的词类之一,而且也是中考、高考的必考内容,小初高三个学段的报纸都会涉及冠词用法,因此也是大家防范的重点。分清楚特指和泛指冠词的基本用法并不难,关键是要掌握一些特殊的用法,比如抽象名词、专有名词等前面冠词的用法,一些特殊的用法、英语习惯用法须特别加以注意。
单复数错误
1.【错例】…says the chicks.
【解析】倒装句的主谓一致问题。此句中主语是复数形式的“chicks”,谓语动词不应该用单三形式。“says”应改成“say”。
2.【错例】However, there are also much bad influence.
【解析】涉及到there be句型中be的形式( is 或are)问题,它取决于句子的主语,即后面的名词的形式。在本句中,名词influence没有用复数形式,但前面却用了be的复数形式are; 另外,错例中much只能修饰不可数名词,而且多用在否定句和疑问句中,在肯定句中应改为a lot of 。正确的说法应为:However, there are also a lot of bad influences.
3.【错例】What do most people think a plant have?
4. 【原句】Each of the four girls set up a company.
【解析】不定代词Each做主语,of the four girls是后置定语修饰主语,谓语动词却用了set, 根据主谓一致原则,动词需加s. Each of the four girls sets up a company.
5.【错例】A little bit more exercises could make the weak girl …
【解析】“exercise”泛指“运动、锻炼”时,为不可数名词,所以不能用作复数形式。
正确的说法应为:A little bit more exercise could make the weak girl …
6. 【错例】…at various time…
【解析】正确的说法应为:…at various times…“at various times”的意思是“在不同时期(阶段、场合)”,因此time应为复数形式(类似的短语有:at times; at any times等)。
7.【错例】In a word, no matter what our life will be like, I think they will be more interesting and…
【解析】在本句的让步状语从句中,没有任何复数名词出现,根据语句中的“代词照应”原则,本句不能使用复数代词they。应改为: In a word, no matter what our life will be like, I think it will be more interesting and…
8. 【错例】Next time, when you’re worrying about what someone might think of you, ask yourself “Can their thoughts really affect me” and get on with whatever you want to do.
【解析】此处违背了代词照应原则,Someone(指代单数)与主句中的their(指代复数)相冲突,时间状语从句中someone应改成some people。正确的说法应为:Next time, when you’re worrying about what some people might think of you, ask yourself “Can their thoughts really affect me?” and get on with whatever you want to do.
9. 【错例】Their dreams are kept on the shoulders of children, not even caring whether they are interested in that or not.
【解析】分句“whether they are interested in that or not”中的“that”语义上复指“dreams”,但却用了单数形式,前后不一致。另外主语是“Their dreams”,但分词短语的逻辑主语却是“parents”, 也属于不一致问题。应将全句改成“ Parents keep their dreams on the shoulders of children, not even caring whether they are interested or not.”(为了避免代词产生歧义,“interested”可后省略“in them”。)
点评:此类错误主要涉及特殊句式的主谓一致及复杂句式中代词的前后照应问题。主谓一致的原则有三种,即语法形式一致,概念一致(语言内容上一致),毗邻一致(谓语动词的单复数形式和紧位于其前的主语一致)。关键是找准主语,不要受附属部分的干扰,主语如是单数,其谓语动词仍然用单数形式。复杂句式中代词照应是比较隐性的差错。要正确分析句子结构和意义,理清句子中的指代关系,方可杜绝此类问题的出现。错例7、8、9均属于这种情况。
设题错误
1.【错例】Mr Green is _______ most helpful man, so we all like him.
A. the
【解析】此小题答案不唯一。A、C两个选项都可以。
2.【错例】What did the foreign officer go to Indian for?
4.【错例】Henry wants to do _______ special for his mother on the weekend.
【解析】在没有上下文有明确提示的前提下四个选项均有可能,特别是A、C两个选项无所谓哪个是对的。
5.【错例】She ______ to get to the top of the mountain and felt very excited.
6.【错例】It’s easy to see the _______ between the two brothers.
7【错例】After
he retired from office, Rogers
A. took up
【解析】此语法点主要讲解对词组“draw up”以及与“draw”搭配的其他词组的了解和掌握,但练习题考查的却是词组“take sth up”,虽然“draw up” 也作为干扰项出现在题目中,但毕竟不是考核重点,不利于学生及时演练,强化记忆。此处虽然不存在任何语法错误,但感觉有点文不对题,希望编辑能够注意。
8.【错例】—Are
—No.
A.
【解析】此小题无正确答案。如果答案为for,其前面应有逗号。如:He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyes were failing. 并列连词for引导的分句只能放在句尾,前面用逗号隔开,表示补充说明的微弱理由,只是为前面的内容提供判断的理由,有时译为并列的某种形式。
点评:此类错误多出现在小学、初中报纸中。一是作者的水平偏低,责任心不强;二是作为编辑没有严格把关。如果编辑审稿时,不看答案的情况下,自己认真先做一遍,这种错误是可以完全避免的。作为编辑应该多学习研究测试的技巧,尤其是中高考的命题规则,指导作者提高命题质量。
词法错误
1. 【错例】In a small village in British, there is an unlocked shop that has no workers in it.
2.【错例】South Korea scientists have made a walking robot maid .
3. 【错例】with admire buildings such as St. Mark’s Basilica and the Doge’s Palace.
【解析】buildings前面只能用形容词作修饰语以限定名词,而admire是动词,不能用在名词前作定语。正确的说法应为:with admirable buildings such as St. Mark’s Basilica and the Doge’s Palace.
4.【错例】She is a young guider of fashion.
【解析】用词错误,“导游”英语是guide。正确的说法应为:She is a young guide of fashion. 类似的还有cook,judge等动词及表示从事该动作的人写法相同。
5.【错例】 Secondly, food supervisors should strict food standards and……
【解析】 此处是把形容词“strict” 误当做动词用了,因此此处应该是缺乏主动词,应把此处改为:Secondly, food supervisors should have/enforce strict food standards and…
6.【错例】… so parents need read lots of stories…
【解析】need虽然可以作情态动词,但多用在否定句里。此处need改为should较为合适,或在need后应加to,need变为实义动词,后接不定式作宾语。
7.【错例】It took us four hours to arrive at the city
【解析】arrive
at 是个非延续动词,不可以和一段时间连用,因此此处修改It
took us four hours to go to the city
8【错例】What are you feeling today, Mary?
9.【错例】How to do with it ?
10.【错例】She likes to remember English words.
【解析】问题出在remember,记住,强调记忆的结果。按道理讲不是你喜欢记住就能记住的。根据上下文,改为recite或spell较好。
11.【错例】How much does a gun weight?
【解析】错例中的“weight”是名词,按照句子的要求,此处必须用动词“weigh”。此句应改为:How much does a gun weigh?或What’s the weight of a gun?
12【错例】gold wrapping paper
【解析】依照常理,包装纸不太可能用黄金做成,此处的“gold”应改成“golden”。
13.【错例】……是三个现在分词短语作并列主语,
【解析】基本概念错误。正确的说法应为:……是三个动名词短语作并列主语。分词短语(现在分词短语和过去分词短语)只具有定语、状语、表语和补语四种句法功能,它不能用作句子的主语。动名词短语在句子中具有主语、宾语、表语和定语的句法功能,因此本句是三个动名词短语作并列主语。
14.【错例】After a few years their efforts turn out to be a vain.
【解析】vain 一般作形容词用,表示“自负的”“徒劳的”无结果的,无用的,无益的”;作名词只用在成语 in vain“无结果的,无用的”,如 try in vain to sleep; All our work was in vain,vain 作名词不单独用,不说 to be a vain,因此应把此句改为:After a few years their efforts turn out to be in vain.
点评:句子是有单词构成的,而每一个单词都有自己的句法功能。此类差错源于对单词词性及其句法功能掌握得不牢。还有些是对词汇的理解不透彻,比如作为动词,有的强调结果,有的强调过程;有的表示的动作可以延续,有的表示瞬间动作不可以延续,这就会制约时间状语及其他成分的使用。此外还需要注意词类的转换问题。