徐浪 Archi

为了不让更多的G友迷惑，做了张机考成都考场的地图。

自从2008年以后成都考场就由川大的国外培训部搬到了这里。

看了这张图就不会被胖哥哥欺负了。

（点击图片可查看较大尺寸的原图）

最后一件事儿。我考前收到很多朋友发来的加油的鼓励短信，在此深深感谢。

13题目：Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct.

116题目：With the growth of global networks in such areas as economics and communication, there is no doubt that every aspect of society-including education, politics, the arts, and the sciences-will benefit greatly from international influences.

提纲：

虽然强烈同意，但必须看到这是一个困境。

小语种消失的原因。全球化的经济进程，例，旅游业的发展导致小语种的消失：1，个人层面，2.国家层面。

转折：语言是文化的incarnation， 语言的消失就是文化甚至名族的消失。而且是irrevocable，就像濒危的物种一样。

更进一步，特殊文化和语言的消失本身也是不利于这些国家参与全球化的。全球化的三个foundation，不平衡的地理，政治多样化，和文化多样化。

总结，两个方面（国家自己的方面和全球化的方面）都说明了要保护语言。

minority, upsurge 热潮, aboriginals, incarnation

I agree with the speaker's statement that governments of countries in which these languages are spoken by fewer and fewer people should act to prevent such language from becoming extinct. And generally speaking, this extinction of vernacular language is a consequence of the juggernaut of globalization. However, a deeper reflection reveals that, according to a long-term process of globalization, the extinction of vernacular language is by no means doing benefits to the globalization in itself, because, in my opinion, it is the diversity of culture that accelerates the process of globalization. Otherwise, without the diversified culture, the process of globalization is more likely to be ceased.

To begin with, the extinguishing of minority language is undoubtedly resulted from the process of globalization. The most influential events which are accountable for it might be the advanced communication technology and the upsurge of tourism. For example, tourism bring a lot of people who come from developed area travelling to the undeveloped countries, and it also bring scads of commercial opportunities since tourists have to consume in the resorts. Therefore, at the individual level, the aboriginals starts to learn the foreign language of the developed countries voluntarily in respect that they could seize more opportunities than who cannot communicate with the foreigners. While at the national level, in order to accelerate the industry of tourism, the governments pay more attention in the foreign language education, and, in some countries, the governments even abandoned their native language in order to participate in the global tourism more conveniently. This directly leads to the extinction of some minority language.

However, language is the incarnation of a culture. It carries the thinking method of a special nation, and it well represents the history of a nation since language is derived from various historical events. Thus, the extinction of a language is the disappearance of the culture and, virtually, the distinct of a nation. And more importantly, extinction of culture is an irrevocable process. Like the endangered species in the ecological field, once a species has extinguished completely, it factually means they disappear forever because the reproduction system has entirely destroyed. Owning to that, the governments should take their responsibility to protect their precious language from extinction.

Furthermore, from the standpoint of globalization in itself, the extinction of their language is by no means doing benefits to the process that the minority countries to participate in globalization, although, professedly, it is convenient for communication. In my opinion, the tremendous accomplishment of globalization is exactly based on three factors: the uneven geographic development, the variety of political regime, and, most important, the diversity of culture. It is the uneven geographic development that makes the re-organization of resource at the level of global possible; and the different regime and different policy makes possibilities that all people in different nation could participate in the globalized economy in their own method. For example, the Chinese rural policy provides scads of cheap laborer which entice the investment form America. And at the culture field, the diversified culture, especially those remote from the developed area, allures the tourist over the world. However, the extinction of the language destroys the particularity of those special countries, which will undermine the foundation of its tourism industry. For this reason, the governments should save its extinguishing language, because it factually benefits the way where they join a globalized family.

In conclusion, both of the aspects, no matter from the perspective of those nations themselves or from the perspective of globalization, illustrate the importance of protecting the extinguishing language. Therefore, it is the ineluctable responsibility for governments of countries in which these languages are spoken by fewer and fewer people.

74：The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language.

33：Creating an appealing image has become more important in contemporary society than is the reality or truth behind that image.

Skeleton:

1. image significant in modern society, forms the culture in a large proportion. Although efficient and convenient, rarely can people learn true knowledge from it. A concomitant with the consumerism culture-ideology, the beneficiary is neither the individuals who pursue true knowledge nor the advancement of human intelligence, but the commercial society.

2. admittedly, both convenient and efficient.

   2-1.Politial use. because its nature advantage -------less intelligence limitation -------- more people could learn or gain information from image. -----largely utilized in political propaganda. ------- in comparison with abstract philosophy, image more powerful. ---- accelerate the process of democracy.

   2-2, when mass media communicate ------the popularity of TV ----- compare reading novel and watch movies. Hundred times cost in time.----- convenience and effective.

   2-3, In commercial use, advertisement, instead of to describe the merits or to introduce the new functions of products, create a scenario in which the product tightly connects with the noble style life, assure people with that buy a noble life. ----- bring the consumerism to modern society.

3. However, doing no benefit to human intelligence, The image, different from the text culture that if people are reluctant to accept it they may avoid to read, abounds in the society everywhere, and become the exclusive method of study, since the information presented in the image is more intrusive than text, regardless of people’s will to accept it or not. Doing harm to the study from the following 3 aspects.

   3-1. compare the learning method of image with that of text, find damage the imagination. Text: logic, description, and literature structure. Use imagination could re-create a reality. Image: provide details of scenario and information, prevent people from other possibilities. Since it is convenient, imagination is unnecessary.----- damage imagination.

   3-2, damage logic, Text: only trough a logical thinking method could got the meaning of a text paragraph. image: concern to scenarios and plot, nothing with the logic.

   3-3, loss critical spirit. Externalize all the deep knowledge to a superficial phenomenon. Deep reflection no longer necessary,

4. in conclusion, although convenient to communicate with people, by no means contributes to deep communicate. In a period ruled by image, people should read more.

单词总结：concomitant, verisimilar, hundred, consumerism culture-ideology.

Image place a significant influence in modern society, and actually, the modern culture, in a large proportion, is constituted by the image culture. Although I have to admit that images are the most efficient method to communicate with the large group of people when the politicians, the mass media, and the businessmen announce their ideas, rarely the people can learn something from the image culture. And indeed, I have to remind people that the emergence of image culture is concomitant with the predominance of consumerism culture-ideology. In my opinion, the ultimate beneficiary from the prevalence of image culture is neither individuals nor the advancement of human intelligence, but the commercial society.

Admittedly, the images, as the main method of spreading ideas, are both efficient and convenient. First of all, the image, because of its natural advantage that it describes things more real than the text does since an image are verisimilar to reality, providing more details referring to phenomenon which constructs experience in people’s mind, places little intellectual limitation for those people who receive information from image. Therefore, it could possibly spread information and knowledge to more people, and even those low-educated individuals can learn something from image. Definitely, this is a merit of image culture. Owning to that, the images have been fully utilized in the field of political propaganda. In comparison with the abstract philosophic theory of politics, an image is simpler, more convenient and more appealing, and could be accept by multitude. Undoubtedly, to some extent, image culture accelerates the process of democracy, since educational condition is no longer a barrier precluding multitude to participate in political affairs. Secondly, when the mass Medias communicate with the large group of people -- the multitude, they are more likely to use image than literature. The overwhelming popularity of TV could prove this idea. Indeed, the time cost for people to finish a novel could be hundred times more than that of watching a movie which is adapted from the same novel. It is more efficient and more convenient. Finally, the images are also utilized largely in the field of commercial advertisement. Nowadays, the most popular advertising method, instead of to directly describe the merit of the products or to introduce the new functions of the product, is to use image to create an appealing scenario in which the product has been tightly connected with a noble life style. It aims at to assure the consumers with that, when they are consuming, not only they gains a mere stuff but also the noble life style. In fact, this method of advertising is really effective to encourage consumption. Therefore, the image culture largely accelerates the emergence of consumerism culture-ideology.

However, the image culture is by no means doing benefit to individuals' intelligence. The image, different from the text culture that if people are reluctant to accept it they may avoid to read, abounds in the society everywhere, and become the exclusive method of study, since the information presented in the image is more intrusive than text, regardless of people’s will to accept it or not. It harms individuals from the following, at least, 3 aspects. First of all, it damages the ability of imagination. There are two main ways where people learn knowledge, including from the text and from the image. The knowledge in text is formed by logic, the structure of literature and the description. Unless individual use their imagination to re-create a scenario, they can learn nothing except the mere words huddled together on the paper. However, differ from the text, the scenarios has been already provide in the image when people learn from a picture. It precludes the other possible scenarios which could be created by the reader. Long-term learning information form image make people gradually loss their imagination. Secondly, different from the text, no logic and structure of literature has been offered by an image; therefore, people studying from the image is nothing concerned about their logical thinking method. Finally, the image externalizes all the deep knowledge to a superficial phenomenon. Deeper reflection is no longer necessary, thus seldom can individuals find the problem of the knowledge. It is absolutely doing harm to the critical spirit.

In conclusion, although the image is very convenient and efficient when communicating with a large group of people, it is by no means to contribute a deeper communication. The image culture has occupied the predominant position to rule the mainstream ideology. Yet, individuals have to realize in the period of image culture, they most preciousness for them is to read

165题目：In any given field, the leading voices come from people who are motivated not by conviction but by the desire to present opinions and ideas that differ from those held by the majority.

单词总结：flubdub, platitude, plush parlances

Skeleton:

1.Disagree, mixes up two different concept -- the flubdub and true leading voice. the leading voice must be astonishing, yet reasonable, and having been deeply considered. By contrary, the flubdub, though it may raise astonishment and quite disputable, yet, intrinsically, it merely aims at grandstanding to people.

2.Common feature, disputable.

   2-1.Leading voice: different form the clichés. Challenging a platitude, provide another perspective to see society, knowledge, and themselves. --- get promoted, advance, improve. Retrospecting to history.

   2-2, flubdub also

   2-3. however, the initiative different.

3.deeply believed, otherwise, no motivation could force them to tell the idea which might contradict the common sense.

   3-1.Bruno. Corpernican—infinite universe, condemned by the inquisition for heresy, immoral conduct, and blasphemy.

   3-2.Karl Marx:society is constituted by social castes, and the exploitation form the bourgeoisie to the proletariat is bloody and violent,

   3-3.michel Foucault. Diffused with repression and power,--- bio-politics.

4.logical: more logical, more rational, therefore, more convincing.

5.in conclusion. leading voice leads people searching for truth, while the flubdubs merely entertains, An important tool to test whether an idea is a leading voice or a flubdub is logic, practice, or time.

I disagree with the speaker's assertion since he mixes up two different concept -- the flubdub and true leading voice, though those two concepts sometimes share same feature. However, entitatively, they are disparate. In my opinion, the leading voice must be astonishing, yet reasonable, and having been deeply considered. By contrary, the flubdub, though it may raise astonishment and quite disputable, yet, intrinsically, it merely aims at grandstanding to people. My following discussion will reveal the differences between those two concepts.

Sometimes, the leading voice does share a same feature, which is raising astonishment and dispute, with the flubdubs. This feature suggests that a voice, when it initially emerges, is necessarily different from those cliches which have been broadly accepted by a lot of people, otherwise the leading voice is meaningless. Through challenging the platitude, this voice provides people with another perspective to recognize knowledge, the society, the world, as well as themselves. Therefore, the knowledge could probably advance, the society could be promoted, and individuals get self-improvement. When people accept the idea spread by this voice, it ultimately become the leading voice. Retrospecting the history, we may find that all the ideas become the leading voice is often disputable when they emerge. The first feature of leading voice also pertains to the flubdubs, since the flubdubs always raise broad dispute and astonishment. However, the initiatives that people create leading voice and flubdubs are different. When people speak something that ultimately become the leading voice, the will is to tell the rest of others with truth; while people saying flubdub, the main purpose is to grandstanding with sallow knowledge yet plush parlances.

Furthermore, the second feature of leading voice is that it has been deeply considered before the speakers give it out. And I do deem that all the brilliant scholars whose idea place a far-reaching influence to the human society must have a stubborn faith to what they speak, otherwise, no motivation could force them to tell the idea which might contradict the common sense. The cost for Bruno, for example, to tell the truth is his life. He use Corpernican principle in formulating his cosmic theory of an infinite universe, condemned by the inquisition for heresy, immoral conduct, and blasphemy. He was burned at the stake. Yet, his idea of infinite universe dominates the field of astronomy till now. Since those ideas are a result of faith, it forces people to delve in and consider more deeply. For only through a deeper reflection, a convincing result could be concluding. For example, Karl Marx does believe the society is constituted by social castes, and the exploitation form the bourgeoisie to the proletariat is bloody and violent, then he formulate his theory of revolution, though he may be wrong. Michel Foucault, a French philosopher, because of his homosexual status, among a society where people pay much discrimination to homosexuals, do believe that the society is diffused with repression and power; therefore he formulated his theory about bio-politics. However, this feature never presents in flubdubs. Even the speakers who give out a flubdub do not believe the things that he tell.

Finally, the third feature of leading voice is that it can be tested by practice and logic. The reason why some idea could eventually become the leading voice among various common voices is that it is more logical, more rational, therefore, more convincing. It could last for a long time and be well tested by reality and practice. However, the flubdubs cannot exist when people examine it, thus it usually disappear automatically when it emerges.

In conclusion, the leading voice is different from the flubdubs. The leading voice leads people searching for truth, while the flubdubs merely entertain. An important tool to test whether an idea is a leading voice or a flubdub is logic, practice, or time.

197题目：The material progress and well-being of one country are necessarily connected to the material progress and well-being of all other countries.

Skeleton:

1.  partly agree, tightly connected with other countries. Well-being is largely depended on the domestic policy of a country. Furthermore, exploitation also realized by the process of globalization.

2.  admittedly, technological advancement benefit in a global scope, people wear, drive, use camera, computers. Seems that co-prosperity.

3.  Furthermore, the social troubles in developed countries have been well solved. Welfare society.

4.  however, globalization is a process that transfers the domestic conflict to the international scope. The truth that developed countries solve the fundamental problems in social castes conflict resulted from the exploitation is to exploit the other countries because exploitation is ineluctable to human society.

    4-1. to establish factories in the undeveloped countries. Example: Nike

    4-2. Globalization, to some extent, aggravates the exploitation because it raises a furious competition among countries at global scope. Example: China. From a country being exploited to a country exploiting others.

In short, the material progress of a country might depends on the pillaging the well-being of other countries.

5.  In conclusion. two aspects of globalization. In the negative side, globalization creates the opportunities for all the people to attain a material prosperity, while on the dark side, globalization triggers the exploitation in the worldwide. Nevertheless, all the countries in nowadays are necessarily connected to other countries, no matter they are benefited from the globalization or are being exploited.

如果还有时间，在第四段后写：但全球化也实际上提高了其他国家的技术和生产力。制造了其他国家的相对富裕。但这是有代价的。

总结。

单词总结：bourgeoisie, proletariat

I partly agree with the speaker's statement insofar as in a period of globalization no nation exists merely by itself and the material progress of any country has been tightly connected with other countries, because the national boundary is no longer a limitation which could obstacle the far-reaching influence of technology in nowadays. However, the well-being of a country is still largely depended on the domestic policies of a nation. Furthermore, we need to realize that not only the technology can transcend the national boundary, but the exploitation of developed countries to the undeveloped countries is also realized by the process of globalization.

Admittedly. at the most shallow level to comprehend globalization, we may be very happy to find that the achievement of globalization is doing benefit to all the material prosperity of all human beings at the scope of global. Every breakthrough in the scientific research could be utilized to promote the living standard of all people, regardless which country they belongs to. National boundary is no longer an obstacle of technological development. People, all over the world, are wearing the clothes made in China, driving the cars manufactured in a German, using the cameras imported from Japan, the operating system of computer created by Bill Gates in America. All of these booming materials are undoubtedly connected tightly to the process of globalization. It seems that human beings have entered an epoch of co-prosperity.

Furthermore, those social troubles, such as the conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, which bothers the society in the earlier time of capitalistic economy have disappeared in most of the developed countries, because the affluence of material eliminate the class of proletariat, thereby, forming the middle class in the society. The well-being of all people in those countries has got largely promoted. People do not need to suffer from what their progenitors suffer from. All those happiness and prosperity are the result from the development of technology as well as the process of globalization.

However, when we are surprised by the achievement of globalization, we should never ignore some truth referring to the dark side of globalization. In my opinion, globalization is a process that transfers the exploitation in a domestical scope to the scope of internation. Although the developed countries have successfully settled down the social conflict between different social castes, their factories established in other undeveloped countries continue the traditional method of exploitation. Consider the following scenarios, a Chinese worker working for NIKE sports cloth manufacturing factories located in China receive the salary, in average, 200 dollars per month. Whereas, the price for pursuing NIKE shores in the market of China is about 100 dollars, and the average productivity for a single worker in a month is, at least, 100 pairs of shores, which means that a large amount revenue has been distributed into the NIKE company, and Chinese government as well as American government in the form of tax. That money could be well used to refine the living standard of people in America, to settle the domestical troubles, or to invest new factories in other countries. In short, the exploitation, because it is intrinsic into the production method of capitalism, never been eliminated by the process of globalization, instead, it has merely been transferred from one country to another. Globalization, to some extent, aggravates the exploitation because it raises a furious competition among countries at global scope. Another example could further demonstrate this idea. China has been long time participating in the process of globalization as a country being exploited, however, as its fortune accumulated, China, simulating the developed countries, establishes various factory in Africa or some countries less developed than itself, and start its exploitation to them, because the cost is much lower than establishing a factory domestically. This is something like that who occupies the largest market occupies the predominance of the world. From this perspective, I have to admit that the material progress and well-being of one country are necessarily connected to other countries.

To sum up, there are two aspects of globalization. In the negative side, globalization creates the opportunities for all the people to attain a material prosperity, while on the dark side, globalization triggers the exploitation in the worldwide. Nevertheless, all the countries in nowadays are necessarily connected to other countries, no matter they are benefited from the globalization or are being exploited.

61题目：High-profile awards such as the Nobel Prize are actually damaging to society because they suggest that only a few people deserve such recognition.

Skeleton:

1.        absolutize the negative effect of high-profit awards, reveals the inequity of modern society. Matthew effect. Cannot attribute all the faults to high-profit awards because it is the result of modern society.

2.        interpret the concept of Matthew effect, derived from Biblical Gospel of Matthew, “for all those who have, more will be given, and they will have abundance; while from those who have noting, even what they have will be taken away”.

2-1.To describe the phenomenon in scientific awards.

2-2.Other aspect Matthew effect exists, in a battle.

3.        the inequity is not the fault of high profit awards but resulted from the characteristics of modern society.

3-1 conformity of the multitude, the only thing require for the multitude is to repeat what they always do in flew line of production, the names, thinking, personality or something could identify themselves is unnecessary even dangerous.

3-2, the high creativities of few people.

3-3, they two aspects are mutually complementary.

4.        Nevertheless, not damage but guarantee the stability of society. Reward system in different level is very important.

5.        conclusion.

单词总结：Matthew effect, Bible, Biblical Gospel of Matthew, "for to all those who have, more will be given, and they will have an abundance; but from those who have nothing, even what they have will be taken away",  absolutized,

Although I disagree with the speaker's assertion since it has absolutized the negative effect of those high-profit awards, such as Nobel Prize, I have to admit that this statement reveals an inequity, as well as a dilemma, in modern society. That is what we call the Matthew effect. However, we cannot simply attribute all the faults to the high-profit awards, because the Matthew effect is an ineluctable consequence of the social structure of modern society. Hence, essentially, the inequity, or the dilemma, is not resulted from the high-profit awards but rather from the characteristic of modern society.

The concept of Matthew effect is initially derived from the sentence, "for to all those who have, more will be given, and they will have an abundance; but from those who have nothing, even what they have will be taken away" in Biblical Gospel of Matthew. Then this concept is used to describe those phenomenon in the field of scientific awards, where eminent scientists often get more recognition than a comparative unknown one, even they contribution to the advancement of knowledge are similar. It is true that the accumulated advantages is an important factor that leading to the high-profit awards, and it well explained that the winner of the high-profit award, such as Nobel Prize, always be few people, though thousands scientists are contributing a lot in the development of human society. Not only in the field of scientific rewards. Matthew effect exists almost in every field of human society. In a battle, for example, the generals make orders, and the soldiers follow these orders to fight. Both the generals and soldiers are essential factors for the victory of a battle as well as the process of history. However, historians exclusively study the efforts of generals while consign the names of soldiers into oblivion. The subsequence is that, because the significance of generals has been acknowledged, they have been more well protected in a battle, while the life of soldiers seems to be meaningless since nobody care, thus they are more prone to die in a battle. In short, Matthew effect reveals an inequity and a dilemma of the society.

However, this inequity is not raised by the high-profit awards or the historian (in the case above). It is the social structure of modern society forms the Matthew effect. There are two distinct characteristics among modern society attributable for the Matthew effect. On one hand, the modern society largely depends on the a conformity of multitude. Different from any society in the history, the socialized mass production in modern time fixed laborers on the unremitting running flew line of production. The only thing required for the multitude is to repeat what they always do in the flew line without thinking, personality, or something special which could identify themselves. Therefore, the names of the multitude have been consigned into oblivion. While on the other hand, the advancement of modern society largely relies on the high creative individuals. Indeed, every breakthrough in the scientific researches which accelerates the process of civilization has a tight connection to those few who are highly creative. The two aspects co-form the characteristic of modern society, then the differentiation of the elites and plebeians emerges. Furthermore, the gap between the elites and plebeians enlarged because of the Matthew effect. High-profit awards will be given to those who already have or have been acknowledged, and from those who have nothing, fewer chances can be attained by them.

Nevertheless, the Matthew effect, rather than damaging the society, guarantees the stability of modern society, since it keeps the unremitting progress of modernization, though it is unfair. And I do deem that I am not the only person who realizes the negative affection of Matthew effect. Therefore, as we can see, besides the high-profit awards, there are also various awards as a complement for those who are contributing for the society yet not well known by the public. For example, in academic field, every subject has its own awards to praise people who contribute. And in different organization, different prize also be rewarded to different people in different level if they are diligent enough. The reward system is an incentive factor vital for the advancement in every field.

In conclusion, the Matthew effect is an ineluctable phenomenon in modern society, though it is unfair. However, an intentionally adjusting the inequity is very essential for a health society, because the reward system is a factor encouraging the individuals to contribute as well as benefiting the society as a whole. Everyone, no matter how slight his or her contribution is, should be acknowledged.

208题目：The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people.

人们的眼神、穿着和动作都揭示了他们的态度和兴趣。你可以透过观察一个社会中人们的外貌和举止来认识该社会的理念和价值观。

提纲：

1.       同意前半部分，不同意后半部分

2.       人的外观和心理的一致性。心理学的心理镜像效应。例子：tough guy和business man。爱情

3.       社会学研究是另一回事，这个论断缺乏数据支持。例中国社会和美国社会在全球化之前后的比较

4.       总结，有联系，但不能成为严格的社会学研究方法。

The speaker's assertion is quite interesting. I agree with the former part of this statement that the way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitude and interests, since, I believe, there must be some tight connections between people's appearance and their opinion. While I disagree with the later statement that one can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people, since no statistics and evidences could strongly support this assertion.

To begin with, the conformity between people's behavior or appearance and their attitude is a obvious yet elusive phenomenon, although it can hardly be proved by evidence. From a psychology standpoint, there is a important concept, called psychal mirror effect, that might support this assertion. The psychal mirror effect is mainly based on the following fact that people always like, use, or choose those things which, they thought, could well represent their own character or are like themselves. Like a mirror, when people encounter with these things they like, they feel that they are encountered with themselves in the other side of the mirror. It is seems to be unbelievable, however it could explain the following examples. For example, a tough guy is more likely to wear leather clothes, probably because they think that the material of leather is much more tough than any other materials making clothes; the business man like to wear suits, probably because, according to their mind, the concise style of suits could well demonstrate their clear logic. Furthermore, I believe, a lot of people have experienced such kind of feelings that t she or he falls in love with someone at the first sight. And almost all people proclaim that the reason he or she fallen in love is not because of the appearance of his or her lover, but that they could discern their love's inner character from the appearance, and, fortunately, the inner character of their lover is quite compatible with themselves. This phenomenon could be accounted as the strong evidence to demonstrate the tight connection between the appearance and the character.

However, to examine the social ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of individuals is another thing. Society is a highly abstract concept, albeit it is constitute by the individuals. Yet, the behavior of individuals varies from one to another. unless the speaker could prove a persuasive statistics and data about how many kind of behavior or appearance of the individuals, and about in what proportion of the types that people conduct with, then this assertion can be convincing. However, in fact, what really influence the idea of a society is the custom, ethics, ideology, rituals, and so on. Those factors also influence the behavior of individuals. Therefore, the true logical nexus among the speaker's assertion is not that the people 's appearance and behavior causes the social idea and values, but that social value and ideas largely cause individuals' behavior method, and to some extent, as well as their appearance. For example, before the process of globalization, the ritual, and custom of China is disparate from that of America, and the behavior and appearance of people in the two countries are different. By contrary, nowadays, both Chinese people and American people wear suits. Should we conclude that the society's idea and value are all the same in China and in America? I believe, probably, no.

In conclusion, the connection between individuals' appearance or behavior and the inner character does exist. However, we cannot use this connection as a main method of strict sociology study.

83题目：Government should preserve publicly owned wilderness areas in their natural state, even though these areas are often extremely remote and thus accessible to only a few people.

政府应该保留国家领土中公共拥有的荒凉地区，即使这些地区往往人迹罕至。

提纲：

1.       同意

2.       无人区普遍具有高的科考价值。无人并不意味着不重要，而事实上正是因为无人，使得一个地区的自然资源被天然的保留了下来，这对科学考察，研究自然的非人工形态，具有非常重要的意义。同时因为很少受到人为的干涉，很多在人工地区灭绝的动植物会在无人区存活下来，就算无人区的环境再荒凉，也会比人为的杀戮更具有生存的可能性。

3.       无人区普遍都是珍贵野生动植物的栖息地，是生态平衡的调节地，他们需要政府保护。但实际情况是，相比人居住的地区，对无人区的保护更难，因为一方面无人区容易被政府忽视，另一方面政府需要花费更多的成本和更有效的设备才能到达那些在自然环境不适合人居住的地方去保护他们。忽视保护无人区的代价是巨大的，因为在缺少政府保护时，无人区珍贵的野生动植物就会成为吸引偷猎者的目标。例如可可西里，藏羚羊。长久以来都成为偷猎者袭击的主要对象，而他们掠夺的方式是最初级和野蛮的，因为他们为了控制成本，很多藏羚羊被射杀之后，就地剥皮。偷猎者不会考虑可持续发展，他们唯一关心的是粗暴的利润。直到90年代，一份环保材料告诉中国政府藏羚羊濒临灭绝，政府才意识到这个问题的严重性。开始非常严肃的保护可可西里地区。

4.       无人区也许蕴藏着丰富的资源，虽然现在的技术不知道。这里有一个非常有趣的故事，那就是美国的阿拉斯加州。

5.       总结。

单词总结：Hoh Xil，Alaska，artificial trace, poach for, thrust their force into, 强行介入，repentant， probing technique, petrol storage volume, 1867, 7.2 million dollars.

I strongly agree with the speaker's statement that government should preserve the wildness area even though these areas are usually remote and thus accessible to only a few people. The following three argumentations could support what the speaker, as well as I, maintains.

First of all, the wildness area usually possesses a high value of scientific research, since it is accessible to only few people, which means that it maintains the most original appearance of the earth, and has been prevented from the exploitation of human force. Since human beings use tools to exploit the nature resource, the process of evolution has been largely changed. All the species living on earth have deeply influenced by human beings' interference, thus the remote area might become the only place where the scientific research could study the original ecology without the interfering factors of artifact.

Secondly, the remote area is the only habitat of the wild animals as well as the wild plants. In a period of sophisticated human civilization, it is really rare that we could find a place free from artificial trace. Therefore, only two choices remain for the destiny of the wild species: to become domesticated or to extinguish. However, the wild species play a essential role in the ecologic balance, and the ecologic balance is a important factor for the environment, thus, to protect the remote area and to give the habitat to the wild species is a compulsory responsibility for government. Furthermore, in a period of most wild species becoming extinguished, the extant ones become more precious. Resultingly, the high economic value of those extinguishing species intrigues people to illegally poach for them. Undoubtedly, it is like a vicious circle, aggravating the situation for those species which have already been in danger. Therefore, the government should thrust their force into those area to interfere the illegal poaching.

Finally, the remote area might stores affluence of natural resource. The interesting history about Alaska could illustrate my idea. Before 1867, Alaska belonged to Russia; however, the Russian government did not pay much attention to this remote and glacial land. Because Alaska is far away from the main land of Russia, to maintain this peninsula cost Russian government a large scale from its budget, thus the Russian government sold this peninsula to America by cost of mere 7.2million dollars in 1867. I guess, nothing could be more repentant for Russia than selling Alaska from the viewpoint of today. As the probing technique advanced, Alaska have been found abundant in petrol storage volume. However, it belongs to America now. In short, although some remote area seems to be useless nowadays, it might be precious as the technology changes the world.

In conclusion, owning to the three reasons discussed above, preservation of the remote area is undoubtedly benefit the government as well as the nation.

38题目：In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books.

电视时代的读书已经不像以前那么重要了。人们通过看电视学到的和他们读书所能学到的一样多。

155题目：Contemporary society offers so many ways of learning that reading books is no longer very important.

当代社会提供了如此之多的学习手段以至于读书已经变得不再那么重要了。

提纲：

1.       不同意，虽然tv给了大量的信息，但是学习不仅仅是去获得信息。电视和读书是两种不同的学习方式，无论电视多么方便，书都是不能替代的。

2.       文字学习和图像学习的区别：文字学习：要用逻辑来对描述重新建构。图像学习不用逻辑。

3.       图像的问题：

  3-1.损伤想象力

  3-2.损伤批判精神

  3-3.损伤逻辑思维

4.       文字学习的本质：不仅提供了学习的知识还提供了学习方法的学习（逻辑思维训练）

5.       总结：~~，不读书，获得的只是信息而不是知识。

单词总结：unreplaceable, text 文字, 

I disagree with this statement that reading books is no longer important. Although TV provides us more opportunities to gain information, study is not merely a process of gaining information. In fact, watching TV and reading books is two different method of study, and the method of reading is unreplaceable, no matter how much information we can gain from TV.

To explain my idea more convincing, we should firstly examine the study method of reading and watching TV respectively. In my opinion, nowadays, there are two main channels from which we gain information and learn knowledge. The first one is to learn from text, including reading books, papers, and other type of information formed by text. One distinctive characteristic of these types of information is that they are organized by logic, description, structure of literature, which means that to comprehend them requires people to use their imagination, logical thinking method, and a high sense of structuralization. Unless an individual re-create a reality or a scenario by imagination and logic when he or she is reading, otherwise, he or she gains nothing except the arrangement of words that huddles together on the paper. Another method to gain information is from the images, including from magazines, advertisement, as well as from TV. These types of information do not requires logic and imagination since they have already provided the audience with a specific scenario and plot, regardless whether people have comprehended them or not.

The problems with the method of learning by image involve, at least, three aspects as the following discussion. First of all, since the image learning is much more convenient than learning from reading books, it is becoming the exclusive method of study. However, it is absolutely doing harm to people's capacity of imagination. The scenarios and plots have already been presented in the image, abounding with details and various information, which prevent individuals from other possible scenario that they could imagine. Secondly, the method of learning from image is detrimental to the logic thinking method. Different from text which is formed by logic, the images are more relevant to phenomenon than to logic; therefore, long-term exclusively focusing on image makes people loss their logic mind. Finally, image externalizes all the knowledge to the surface of phenomenon, preventing people from deep reflection. Thus, it destroys the critic spirit, since seldom can people discern the essence of the object that they observe.

By contrary, the benefit of study by the method of reading is not only about the knowledge that individuals learn form the books but also about the process of learning which cultivate individuals with imagination, critical spirits, as well as, the most fundamentally, logical thinking method. In the process of learning, the only way to transfer the text to knowledge is through logical thinking method, yet, human beings are not naturally born with logic unless they intentionally train themselves by comprehending the books; therefore the process of reading books become the progress of attaining logic. Logic benefit students a lot, and imagination, the critical spirit are all based on the foundation of logic.

In conclusion, no matter how convenient we can gain information from TV, the books and other types of knowledge formed by text are more essential, since them are not only providing individuals with knowledge but also the logical thinking method. Furthermore, without logic, the only thing we gains is merely fragments of information, rather than knowledge.