中国改革深化的难题是缺乏利益主体来推动改革。改革中的机置设计十分重要，而机置设计的关键是找到有积极性去推动改革的利益主体。任何一次成功的改革的最重要经验就是有这样的利益主体去推动。利益主体通过改革而得到了好处。也就是说利益主体的利益与改革的方向是一致的。以八十年代初的农村包产到户为例，当时农民就是从包产到户中得到好处的利益主体，所以农民有积极性去推动这一政策的实施。当时的阻力主要来自党内的左派和农村的基层干部。但是农民的力量足够强大去冲破这些阻力。再以放权让利改革为例，向地方政府放权，向企业放权，让他们得到好处这样就形成了以企业和地方政府为主的利益主体。他们看到了放权让利的改革能使他们得到好处，因此就有积极性去推动。　

　　金融整顿是有代价的，牺牲了速度，使不少人失业。只有抓住时机，有真正的改革措施出台，才不白付此代价。否则整顿还是治标不治本。因此，前面提出要不失时机地推出在最小范围内的配套改革(或一揽子改革)。　

　　但问题是能不能通过整顿形成(或凝聚)一个能推动改革深化的利益主体? 周其仁先生在和我讨论此问题时提出过一个深刻的看法。他认为整顿的过程是收权的过程。

politics is a process by which groups of people make decisions.

politics is a process by which groups of people make decisions.

politics is a process by which groups of people make decisions.

politics is a process by which groups of people make decisions.

politics is a process by which groups of people make decisions

politics is a process by which groups of people make decisions

politics is a process by which groups of people make decisions

politics is a process by which groups of people make decisions

 

there is debate over whether mathematical objects such as numbers and points naturally or are human creations

there is debate over whether mathematical objects such as numbers and points naturally or are human creations

there is debate over whether mathematical objects such as numbers and points naturally or are human creations

there is debate over whether mathematical objects such as numbers and points naturally or are human creations

there is debate over whether mathematicla objects such as numbers and points naturally or are human creations

there is debate over whether mathematical objects such as numbers and points naturally or are human creations

 

mathematicians seek out patterns, formulate new conjectures, and establish truth by rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen axioms and definition.

mathematicians seek out patterns, fromulate new conjectures, and establish truth by rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen axioms and definition

mathematicians seek out patterns, formulate new conjectures, and establish truth by rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen axioms and definition.

mathematicians seek out patterns, formulate new conjectures, and establish truth by rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen axioms and definition.

mathematicians seek out patterns, frormulate new conjectures, and establish truth by rigorous deductions from appropriately chosen axioms and definition.

mathematicians seek out patte

finance works most basically through individuals and business organization depositing money in a bank.

finance works most basically through individuals and business organization depositing money in a bank

finance works most basically through individuals and business organization depositing money in a bank

finance works most basically through individuals and business organization depositing money in a bank

finance works most basically through individuals and business organization depositing money in a bank

finance works most basically through individuals and business organization depositing money in a bank

finance works most basically through individuals and business organization deposting money in a bank

 

the general areas of finance are business finance, personal finance, and public finance.

the general areas of finance are business finance, personal finance, and public finance

the general areas of finance are business finance,

personal finance, and public finance

the general areas of finance are business finance, personal finance, and public finance

 

 

 

a definition that captures much of modern economics is that of L Robbins in a 1932 essay

a definition that captures much of modern economics is that of l robbins in a 1932 essay

a definition that captures much of modern economics is that of l robbins in a 1932 essay

a definition that captures much of modern economics is that of l robbins in a 1932 essay

a definition that captures much of modern economics

is that of l robbins in a 1932 essay

the science that studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means that have alternative uses

the science that studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means that have alternative us

economics is a (the)social science that studies production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.

economics is the social science that studies production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.

economics is the social science that studies production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.

 

the term economics comes from the  ancient greek.

the term economics comes from the ancient greek.

the term economics comes from the ancient greek.

 

current economic models developed out of (the broader field of )political economy in the late 19th century, owing to a desire to use (an)empirical approa

Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and s

Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and