7．复合名词的复数

1）. 把主要名词变为复数
editor-in-chief—editors-in-chief                           stander-by—standers-by

brother-in-law—brothers-in-law                          looker-on—lookers-on

mother-in-law—mothers-in-law                           passer-by—passers-by
 

2). 以man-或woman-为首构成的复合名词，若有性别之分，前后都变为复数

womanstudent—womenstudents

manservant—menservants

womancadre—womencadres
 

8．名词定语和复合名词

常见的名词定语和复合词有：
traffic accident 交通事故                     table lamp 台灯                               street light 街灯

dress shop 服装店                              blood type 血型                               shoe store 鞋店

member state 成员国                           launch pad 发射台                           room number

politics teacher 政治教师                     lunch room 供快餐的小饭馆

mosquito net 蚊帐                               bus driver 公共汽车司机
 

注意：名词定语和复合名词变为复数形式时，应将被修饰的那个名词变为复数。

He said that he forgot both of the room numbers.

9. 以-s结尾的学科名称通常用作单数。但当这些名词作“学科”以外的意义解释时常用作复数。如：

Mathematics is a very important subject. 数学是一门很重要的学科。

His politics are quite strange to us.他的政治观点对我们来说很陌生。

（politics, physics, mathematics, economics, linguistics, classics, phonetics）

10. 一些-s结尾的地理名词及专有名词通常用作单数。如：

the United Nations, Los Angeles, Wales, Naples, Athens, The Times.

The United Nations is an Organization helping to solve the international problems.联合国是协助处理国际问题的组织。

但是，表示群岛、山脉、瀑布等以-s结尾的专有名词常作复数。如：The Himalayas, the Alps, the Bermudas

The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant.喜马拉雅山脉有大量各种各样的植物。

11. 物质名词作可数名词用时，词义有些变化。试比较：

Please give each of them a piece of paper. 请给他们每人一张纸。

Everyone of them was given a paper. 他们每人都发了一份试卷。
air 空气
 
airs 架子
 

effect 结果
 
effects  财产
 

damage 损害
 
damages 赔偿金
 

advice 忠告
 
advices 通知，消息
 

spirit 精神
 
spirits 烈酒；酒精
 

manner 方式
 
manners 礼貌
 

color 颜色
 
colors 军旗
 

regard 尊敬，注意
 
regards 问候；致意
 

spectacle 场面
 
spectacles 眼镜
 

custom 习惯
 
customs 关税；风俗
 

12．  抽象名词用来表示具体、个体情况时，也可作可数名词，但意义有变化。试比较：

All genuine knowledge originates in direct experience. 一切真知都是从直接经验发源的。

His experiences are very good stories. 他的经历都是些挺不错的故事。

13. 集体名词majority单独使用时作单数，与其他复数名词连用时作复数。如：

The majority agrees to stop the case for some time.多数人同意终止这个案子一段时间。

The majority of us like to go out for a change. 我们中的多数人喜欢出去换换空气。

1．主要掌握of+名词性物主代词的用法。它通常表示部分的所有，即其中之一。

He is a son of Mr. Robinson’s (=one of Mr. Robinson’s sons)

It is a book of his. (=one of his books)

2．名词所有格也可用于省略形式，其后面的名词省略。

This post card is sent by a friend of my mother’s.

That’s a good idea of our teacher’s.

3. 如某物为两人所共有，只需在这两个名词的后一个名词加“ ’s ”。例如：

Mary and Jane’s car (她俩共有的车)

否则，需要在这两个名词后分别加上“ ’s ”。例如：

Mary’s and Jane’s cars (她俩各自的车)

4. 表示国家、城市等地方的名词，以及表示时间、距离、度量及金钱等的名词，虽是无生命的，但是也可用以上形式表示所有格。例如：

China’s modernization plan 中国的现代化计划

a two weeks’ holiday           一个两周的假期

a dollar’s worth of apples 一元钱的苹果

注：

（1）“of + 名词”的结构，常用于表示无生命的名词的所有关系，但也可表示有生命名词的所有关系，尤其是当后者有较长的定语的时候。例如：

the legs of the table 桌子的腿

the works of Mark Twain 马克吐温的著作

the classroom of the first-year students 一年级学生的教室

（2）双重所有格“of + 名词’s”结构常用于表示部分概念或带有一定的感情色彩。例如：

  a friend of my father’s

  the important theory of Einstein’s 爱因斯坦的重要理论

双重所有格也可以用“of + 名词物主代词”构成。例如：

That gentleman is a friend of mine.

This is no fault of yours. 这绝不是你的错误。

（3）名词所有格，有时可代替前面提到过的东西，相当于一个名词性物主代词。例如：

  These books are Mary’s. (= hers)

（4）有时，名词的所有格可表示“家，商店”或其他处所。例如：

  my uncle’s 我叔叔的家           the barber’s        理发店

  the chemist’s 药店                     the Smith’s        史密斯的家注意：“姓氏+ s ”表示 “……全家”，例如：the Smiths (史密斯的一家)， the Smiths’ 则表示：“史密斯一家的住所”。

 

一致关系包括主语与谓语，代词与所指代的名词必须在人称、数、性等方面保持一致。  主主谓一致指的是谓语动词必须和主语保持一致，现将开始中经常出现的几种主谓一致情况归纳如下。

1．在名词/代词+介词短语作主语中，谓语动词的单复数不受这些短语的影响。

together with               along with               as well as                accompanied by

no less than                 rather than               more than                as much as
 

She as well as the other students has learned how to install this electric equipment.她和其他同学一样，也学会了如何安装这种电器设备。

She, as much as her parents, was responsible for the matter.

The boy, more than anyone else, is fatter.

My license rather than my credit cards was lost.

2．在one+in/of/out of等引导的结构中，一般采用语法一致原则，动词用单数。

One of the most interesting stories was told by a boy of eight.

One out of ten is certainly wrong.

3．在one of +复数名词+定语从句中，常采用就近一致原则，除非one前有 the only/ exactly/ very等副词。

She is one of the best students who have been praised.

He is the only one of the men who knows her.

4．由each… and…., every… and…, each… and…each…, every… and every…作主语时，动词用单数。

Every man and (every) woman in the village is a faithful supporter of the economic reform. 这个村的每一个男女村民都是经济改革的忠实支持者。

5．表示时间、距离、重量、金钱或计量的复数名词，当句子的意思是指总数时，动词用单数。

Three pints isn’t enough for me to drink.

Four thousand pounds is a large sum. (Thousands of/millions of …. +   复数动词)

6．a lot of (lots of), the majority of + 单数名词，动词用单数，接复数名词，动词用复数。

A lot of money has been saved up.

Lots of problems are caused by unemployment.

The majority of the damage is easier to repair.

The majority of people believe smoking is harmful to health.

7．a large quantity of + 单数名词+单数动词

a large quantity of + 复数名词+复数动词

但great/large/huge/quantities of + 不可数名词+复数动词

Quantities of food were on the table.

There is only a small quantity of money left.

8．Many a … 或more than one + 单数名词+单数动词(many a… and many a…; every… and every …; each …and each… + 单数动词)

There is more than one possible explanation.

Many a plant and many an animal has been divided.

During the Second World War, every man and every woman and every child in that village was killed by Japanese soldiers. 在第二次世界大战时期，这村子里的男女老少全被日本鬼子杀害了。

9．half of/rest of/plenty of + 单数名词或不可数名词+单数动词，而后如为复数名词则动词为复数动词形式。

Half of our work has been finished.

Half of the books are English novels.

10．a portion of, a series of, a flock of, a herd of, a school of等，谓语动词用单数。

A flock of sheep is on the hillside.

A portion of the manuscript is illegible. 这手稿的一部分不易辩读。

There are plenty of natural resources waiting to be explored.

11．某些集体名词如：cattle, clergy, police, militia, poultry等后面的谓语动词用复数。

These cattle are from Holland.

The clergy are opposed to the plan.

12．English, Chinese, French等指语言时，谓语用单数；指人民时，谓语用复数。

English is very difficult to learn.

The Chinese are very hospitable. 中国人十分好客。

13．在一些固定的习语中and具有with的意义，两个名词表示一个概念。其中，后面的名词不用冠词。在这种情况下，谓语动词用单数。

the bread brad and butter 奶油面包

cart and horse 车马

a needle and threat 一根穿有线的针

a watch and chain 一只带有链条的手表

water and salt 盐开水

the wheel and axle 轮轴

ham and egg 火腿蛋

14．非谓语动词（不定式，动名词）、名词从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

Seeing is believing.

What can be done has been done.

注意：在以what 引导的从句为主语的结构中，如果主语补语是复数，谓语动词可采用单数或复数；但当what从句的主语补语和谓语动词均为复数形式时，主句的谓语动词采用复数形式。如：

What appear to be large windows in the second story are glass heat collectors.

15．audience, class, committee, company, crew, crowd, government, family, public, team, jury等名词着重指整体谓语动词用单数；强调成员时用复数。

The football team is playing well.

The football team are having baths.

16．machinery, poetry, scenery, population, jewelry, merchandize等谓语动词用单数。

There is a large population in this country.

The machinery is driven by electricity.