很多学生考托的时候都纠结在一些天文地质等恶心的背景词汇，先将台湾康老师整理的托福真题中背景知识词汇贴在下面，希望大家考前看看，对托福阅读，听力，口语讲座，综合写作都很有帮助呢http://www/uc/myshow/blog/misc/gif/E___6743EN00SIGG.gif

一、人文知识篇

1 World history •Using Fire(人类开始运用火) •Stone Age(石器时代) •Bronze age(青铜器时代)•The development of agriculture(农业的进展)•
Agriculture: Revolution or evolution (农业是:革命性还是演进式 产生) •
The Rise Of Civilizations(文明的起源) •The Tigris-Euphrates Valley (底格里斯-幼发拉底河流域/两河流域)•The Nile Valley (尼罗河流域)•The Old Kingdom (古王国时代)•The New Kingdom (新王国时代)•The Amarna Revolution (阿玛尔纳革命)•Tutankhamu (图坦卡门)•Nefertiti (娜芙蒂蒂)

•Ramses Ii (拉美西斯二世)•Valley Of The Kings (帝王谷)•The Huang He Valley(黄河流域) •The Advance Of Civilization(文明的进展) •Civilizations Of Southwest Asia (西南亚的文明)•Assyria (亚述帝国)•The New Babylonian Empire (新巴比伦王国)•The Persian Empire (波斯帝国)•Phoenicia (腓尼 基人)•The Aegean Civilization (爱情海文明)•The Minoan Culture (克里特 文明)•The Mycenaean Culture (迈锡尼文化)•Atlantis (亚特兰提斯)•Greek Civilization (希腊文明)•Trojan War (特洛伊战争)•Alexander The Great’ S Empire (亚历山大大帝帝国)•Cleopatra (埃及艳后)•The Roman Empire (罗 马帝国)•The Mauryan Empire In India (印度孔雀帝国)•Buddhism (佛教)• Confucianism (儒学)•Shi Huangdi (秦始皇)•The Middle Ages (中古时期) •Feudalism (封建制度)•Vandals (汪达尔人)•Chivalry (骑士制度)•The Byzantine Empire (拜占庭帝国)•The Crusades (The Clash Between The Cross And The Cresent) (十字军东征)•Knights Templars (圣殿武士团)•Justinian (东罗马帝国)•The Ottoman Empire (鄂图曼土耳其帝国)•China (From 500 To 1500) Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming Dynasties(中国-唐宋元明朝)•

Maya (玛雅)• The Aztec Empire(阿兹特克帝国)•The Inca Empire(印加帝国)•Chasqui(查斯基)•The Age Of Exploration (地理大冒险时代)•The Colonization Of America (美国殖民)•The Industrial Revolution (工业革命)•Costs And Benefits (工业革命的利与弊)•Capitalism (资本主义)•Socialism (社会主 义)•World War I (1914~1918) (一次世界大战)•Hitler, Adolf (希特勒‧阿道 夫)•World War Ii (1939~1945) (二次世界大战)•Kamikaze (神风特攻队)• Samurai (日本武士)

2 American History •Columbus (哥伦布)•The 1421 Theory (1421 年中国发现新大陆)•Exploration And Early Settlement(地理探 险与早期殖民)•Lost Colony & Jamestown(失落的殖民地&美国第一个永远殖民地:詹姆斯镇)•Plymouth Colony (普利茅斯殖民地)•The Thirteen Colonies(美东最初的十三个殖民地)•Life In Colonial America(殖 民时期美国生活)•The French And Indian War (1754~1763) (印法战争)•The Road To Independence (美国独立之路)•The Boston Tea Party (波士顿茶会事 件)•Tea History In America(美国茶叶历史) •The First Continental Congress (第一次大陆会议)•The Revolutionary War Begins (1775~1783) (美国独立战 争)•Common Sense (常识)•The Declaration Of Independence (独立宣言)• The Constitution(美国宪法) •The Bill Of Rights(人权法案)•The Louisiana Purchase (刘易斯安纳购地)•Lewis And Clark(利瓦伊 & 克拉克将军美西探勘) •The War Of 1812 (1812~1814)(1812年英美战争)•The Nation Moves West(国 家西移)•Alamo(德州阿拉莫事件)•Mexican war (1846~1848)(美墨战争)• Indian Wars(美国与印地安人的战争)•Gold Rush(淘金潮)•Forty-Niners(旧 金山四九人)•The Civil War (1861~1865) (南北战争)•Results Of The Civil War (南北战争的后果)•Reconstruction(战后重建期)•The Cattle Kingdom Of The Great Plains (美国中部大平原上的畜牧王国)•The Homestead Act (安居 法案)•Spanish-American war(1898)(美西战争)•Roaringtwenties1920’S(辉 煌的20年代)•The Flaming Youth(跳跃的烈火青春)•Prohibition(禁酒时期) •Mafia (黑手党)•The Decline Of The Prohibition Movement (禁酒令的废除) •The Economy-Boom And Bust (美国二零年代:经济的飙长与迅速萧条)•Great Depression(经济大萧条)•Civilian conservation corps(Ccc公共资源保护队) •World War Ii (1939~1945)(二次世界大战) •Population Boom In The West(战 后的人口西拓)

3 American Culture & Life & • America's Quilting History (美国棉被的历史)• The Quilting Bee (殖民时期妇女们缝 棉被聚会)• Folkculturev.S.Popularculture(民俗文化与大众文化)•

Popular Culture(大众文化)• Family Change(家庭的改变)• Baby Boom Generation(婴儿潮世代)• Handedness(使用右手的习惯)• The Growth Of Cities(城市的形成)• Urban Conservation(城市的保护与维持)• Urban Renewal(都市更新)•The Development Of Illumination(照明的发展)• Hotel (旅馆)•Postal Service (邮政)• History Of Postal Services In The Unitedstates(美国邮政的历史)•Theponyexpress(小马快递)• Education& Schooling(受教育与上学)• Successvs.Highereducation(成功与高学历) •Food Preservation (食物保存)• The History Of Food Preservation (食物 保存的历史)•Icebox(冰箱)• Linsey-Woolsey(棉毛织品)• New England Furniture(新英格兰家具)• New York city(纽约)•Manhattan(曼哈顿) •Rockefeller Center (洛克斐勒中心)• The Statue Of Liberty (自由女神 像)•History Of New York City (纽约的历史)• Formation Of Greater New York (大纽约地区的形成)• Suspension Bridge (吊桥)• Erie Canal (伊 利运河)• Philadelphia(费城)• Benjaminfranklin(班杰明•富兰克林)•

Amish(门诺教)• Chicago(芝加哥)•Thegreatchicagofire(芝加哥 大火)• Greatlakes(五大湖)•Howthelakeswereformed(五大湖如何形 成)•Water Routes To The Sea (通往大海的水道)• Mississippi River (密西 西比河)•New Orleans (纽奥良)• Los Angeles (洛杉矶)• Uncle Sam (山姆 大叔)• Mountrushmorenationalmemorial(罗斯摩尔山国家纪念公园)•War Of The Worlds(世界大战小说对传播媒体的影响)• Thanksgiving Day(感 恩节)• Black Friday (黑色星期五)• Factory Outlet (畅货中心)• Macy’S Thanksgiving Day Parade (纽约梅西百货: 感恩节大游行•)Groundhog Day (土拨鼠日)•Christmas (圣诞节)

4 :Painting( :西洋艺术史)•Thearts(艺术介绍)• Finearts (纯艺术)• Appliedarts(应用艺术)• Thereasonsforart(为何人们需 要懂得欣赏艺术)•What Painters Paint (绘画的内容)• Materials (绘画 的材料)•Thinners (稀释剂)• Brushes (笔刷)• Techniques (绘画的 技法)• Thetransitionofthemural(壁画的转变)• Temperapainting(蛋 彩画)• Acrylicpaint(压克力颜料画)•Thehistoryofpainting((西洋绘画史:一场理性与感性交替的知性美))• Prehistoric Painting (史前绘画) •Egyptian Painting (埃及绘画)• Aegean Painting (爱琴海绘画)• Greek Painting(希腊绘画)• Roman Painting(罗马绘画)• Medieval Painting(中古世纪绘画)•Gothic Painting(哥德式绘画)• Stained-Glass Windows(彩 绘玻璃)•How Stained-Glass Windows Are Made (如何制作彩绘玻璃) •

Renaissance(文艺复兴运动)• Leonardo da vinci(李奥纳多•达文西)• Raphael(拉婓尔)• Mannerism(风格主义)• Baroque(巴洛克)• Classicism (古典主义)•Rococo painting(洛可可式绘画)• Neoclassicism(新古典主 义)•Romanticism(浪漫主义)• Realism(写实主义)• Modern art(现 代艺术)•Impressionism(印象派)• New visual sources(新的视觉来源)• Ukiyo-E (Pictures Of The Floating World) (浮世绘)• Painting In American Colonies (美国殖民时期的绘画)•Folk Art (1780~1860) (民俗艺术) •Hudson river school(1835to1870)(哈德逊流派)• Marycassatt(玛莉• 卡莎特)•Postimpressionism(后印象派)• Symbolism(象征主义)• The Fauves (野兽派)• Cubism(立体派)• Expressionism(表现主义)•Dadaism(达 达主义)•Surrealism(超现实主义)• The 1900's in north america(1900 年代的北美)•Regionalism(地区主义)• Popart(普普艺术)• Performance Art (表演艺术)•Neoexpressionism (新表现主义)• Cartoon (卡通)•Comics trip(连环漫画)• Kindsofcartoons(卡通的种类) 

5 Arts:Architecture :西洋建筑史• Pottery (陶器)• Types Of Pottery(陶器的种类)• Terracotta(赤陶)• The history of pottery(陶器的历史)• Ceramics(制陶)• Sculpture(雕刻)•The importance of Sculpture(雕刻艺术的重要性)• Caryatids&Gargoyles(女像柱及滴水兽) •Movement (动态体现)• Egyptian Sculpture (埃及雕刻)• Cast And Casting(铸造)•Metal sculpture(金属雕刻)• Glass(艺术玻璃)•Glass History (玻璃的历史)• Fiberglass (玻璃纤维)• Direct Carving (直 接雕刻)•Architecture(建筑)• Early architecture(早期的建筑)•Mesopotamian architecture(美索不达米亚的建筑)• Egyptian architecture (埃及建筑)•The great sphinx(人面狮身像)• Pre-Columbian architecture (哥伦布时期前建筑)•Thatching(茅草屋)• Classical architecture(古 典建筑)•Minoan architecture(迈诺安文明的建筑)• Entablature(柱顶楣 构)•Classical greek architecture(古典希腊建筑)• Doricstyle(古希腊 柱子1:多利斯式)• Ionic Style(古希腊柱子2:爱奥尼亚式)• Corinthian Style(古希腊柱子3:科林斯式)• Roman Architecture(罗马建筑)• Arch And Vault(拱门与拱顶)•Medieval Architecture(中古世纪建筑)• Early Christian Architecture (早期基督教建筑)• Byzantine Architecture (拜占庭建筑)• Romanesque Architecture(罗马式建筑)• Gothic Architecture(哥德式建筑) •Renaissance architecture(文艺复兴时期建筑)• Later renaissance Architecture (文艺复兴后期建筑)• Baroque Architecture (巴洛克建筑)• Rococo Architecture (洛可可建筑)• The Palladian Revival (帕拉迪奥复兴运动)• Neoclassical architecture(新古典主义建筑)• Colonial Architecture In America (美国殖民时期建筑)•Washington, D.C. (美国首府 的历史与建筑)• Marine corps war memorial(美国海军陆战队战争纪念碑)•United states capitol(美国国会大厦)•White house(白宫)• The crystal Palace (第一届世界博览会建筑:水晶宫)• The Greek Revival (希腊复兴运动)• The Gothic Revival (哥德式复兴运动)• Modern Architecture (现代建筑)•The arts and crafts movement(艺术与手工艺运动)• Earlymodern Architecture In America (美国早期现代建筑)•Skyscraper (摩天大楼)•Bauhaus (包浩斯学派)• Frank Lloyd Wright (建筑师:法兰克.洛伊.莱特) •The Art Nouveau Style (1890-1910)(新艺术风)• Functionalism(实用主义) •Art Deco (装饰性艺术)• Egyptian Revival (埃及复兴时期)• The International Style (国际风格)•Postmodernism (后现代主义)

6 :Music & Dance( :西洋音乐与舞蹈)• The Importance Of Music(音乐的重要性)• Theelementsofmusic(音乐元素)•Absolutepitch (绝对音高)•Musicalinstruments(乐器)• Stringedinstruments(弦乐 器)•Wind Instruments (管乐器)• Percussion Instruments (打击乐器)•Keyboard instruments(键盘乐器)• Electronic instruments(电子乐器)•Musicalnotation(乐谱)• Western music(西洋音乐)•Classicalmusic(古 典乐)• Instrumental music(演奏乐)• Main types of orchestral music(管 弦乐的主要型态)•Vocal music(声乐)• Classical music forms(古典乐的 形式)• Popular music(流行音乐)•Thehistoryofpopularmusic(流行 音乐史)•The colonial period(1607-1776)(美国殖民时期)• Revolutionary War To 1840 (美国独立战争~1840 年)• 1840's To The Civil War (1840 年代~南北战争)•The Civil War (1861-1865) (南北战争)• Vaudeville And Musical Comedy (综艺秀与音乐歌舞轻喜剧)• Folk Music (民俗音乐)• Kinds of folk music(民俗音乐的种类)•Blues(蓝调)•Thehistoryofjazz (爵士乐的历史)•The Roots Of Jazz (爵士乐的根源)• Ragtime (雷格乐)• The Swing Era (摇摆时代)• The Recording Era (留声年代)• The Rise Of Countrymusic(乡村音乐的兴起)•Rhythm and blues(节奏蓝调)• Rock'n' Roll(摇滚乐)•Ray charles(雷.查尔斯)•Soul music(灵魂乐)• Rap(饶舌)•Dance(舞蹈)•Folk dances(民俗舞蹈)• Social dances(社交舞) •Ballet (芭蕾)• Modern Dance (现代舞)• Musical Comedy (音乐剧) •Tap Dancing (踢踏舞)

7 economy • Capitalism (资本主义)• Gdp (国内生 产总值)•Centralplanning(政府控制经济型式)• Income(所得/收益)•Public Utilities(公用事业)• Economic Stability(经济稳定)• The Fed (美国联邦准备理事会)• European foundations of U.S. Business(美洲商业 活动的欧洲基金)•History of american economics(美国经济史)• Monopoly And competition(垄断与竞争)• Antitrust laws(反托拉斯法)• Advertising(广告)•Ways Of Advertising (广告的各种型式)• Direct Mail (直接邮寄) •Advertising Techniques (广告手法)• History Of Transportation (运输 的发展史)• Prehistoric times(史前时代)•Ancientgreeceandrome(古 希腊及罗马)•The middle ages(中世纪时期)•Theageofoverseasexpansion (海外扩张时期)•Development Of Inland Transport (内陆运输的发展)• The Mississippiriver(密西西比河)•Road(公路)• Turnpike(收费公路)•The steam age(蒸气时代)•Steam engine(蒸气机)• 

History of rail road (铁路发展史)• Developments in the united states(美国铁路的发展)•The First Transcontinental Rail Lines (第一条横贯美洲大陆的铁路)•Sleeping car(卧车)• U.S.Steel:Carnegie&Morgan(美国钢铁大王:摩 根与卡内基)•The 1920's And The Great Depression (1920 年代以及经济大萧 条)•Amtrak (美国国家铁路客运公司)• 

The Beginnings Of Modern Transportation(现代交通的源起)• Airplane(飞机)• First human flights (人类的第一次飞行)• The Wright Brothers (莱特兄弟)• Principles Of Flight (飞行的原理)• Creating lift(创造上升力)• Dragandthrust(拖曳力与推进力)• Airship(飞船)• The hinden burg(兴登堡号事件)• Automobile (汽车)

8 •The Development Of Communications Systems (传播的发展)•Writing (文字的历史)•Pictograms (图像文字)•Cuneiform (楔形文字)•Syllabic Writing System (音节书写系统的出现)•Hieroglyphics (Holy + Carving) (象形文字)•Rosetta Stone (解开埃及象形文字之谜:罗塞 塔石)•Ideography(表意文字)•Logography(词符文字)•Bone And Shell Script(甲骨文)•Rebus (画谜)•

Alphabet (字母表)•Manuscript (手写稿)•Papyrus (纸莎草纸)•Wax Tablets (蜡板)•Parchment (羊皮纸)•Book Of Hours (每 日礼赞)•Paper Manuscripts (纸本手稿)•Ts'ai Lun (蔡伦造纸)•The Development Of Printed Books (印刷术的发展)•The Invention Of Movable Type(活字印刷的发明)•Graphic Arts(印花艺术)•Etching(蚀刻)•Printmaking (刻板印刷-版画)•Broadside (刻板印刷-大报板式)•

The Development OfJournalism (新闻业的进展)•Newspapers (报纸的历史)•Weather Maps On Newspaper (报纸上的天气图)•Paparazzi (狗仔队)•Pulitzer, Prizes (普利 兹奖)•Periodicals (期刊)•Magazines Vs Newspapers (杂志 Vs 报纸)•The Invention Of Photography Further Aided Communication(摄影的发明促进传播 的发展)•The Photographic Process(摄影的发展)•The History Of Photography (摄影的历史)•Pinhole Camera (针孔照相机)•Right Of Privacy (隐私权)• The Electric Telegraph (电报的发明)•Telephone (电话的发明)•

Other Inventions Of The Late 1800 (1800 晚期的其它发明)•The Development Of Electronics (电子学的发展)•The Invention Of Radio (广播的发明)•The Development Of Television (电视的发明)•The Development Of Fiber Optics(光纤的发展)•Optical Fibers For Medical Use(光纤在医学上的利用)•Motion Pictures(电影)•How motion pictures are made(电影如何制作)•Movement(电 影的精髓:纪录动作)•The History Of Motion Pictures (电影的历史)•Early Motion Pictures(早期的电影)•D. W. Griffith(戴维‧沃克葛里‧菲斯)•After World War I (一次世界大战之后)•The Movies Talk (有声电影的发展)•Movies In The 1930's (1930 年代的电影)