Welcome to the unit

1. If we need an operation, a special room called an operating theatre is used. (P17) 如果我们需要做手术的话, 就使用一个特殊的被成为手术室的房间.

operate

v. [I] to cut a body open for medical reasons in order to repair, remove or replace a diseased or damaged part:
If the growth gets any bigger they'll have to operate.
Are they going to operate on him?

v.[I or T] to (cause to) work, be in action or have an effect:

How do you operate the remote control unit?
Does the company operate a pension scheme?

operation

n. [C] when a doctor cuts a body for medical reasons in order to repair, remove or replace a diseased or damaged part:
a major/minor/routine operation
an abdominal/cataract/transplant operation
He's got to have an operation on his shoulder.
[+ to infinitive] We will know in a couple of days if the operation to restore her sight was successful.

n. [U] the fact of operating or being active:
There are several reactors of the type in operation (= working) at the moment.
We expect the new scheme for assessing claims to come into operation (= start working) early next year.

operator

n. [C] 1) someone whose job is to use and control a machine or vehicle:
   a computer operator
2) a company that does a particular type of business:
   a tour operator
3) a person who helps to connect people on a telephone system

2. Have you ever seen a doctor? If so, what happened? (P17) 你到医生那儿看过病吗? 如果看过, 是发生了什么问题?

ever

adv. 1) at any time:
Nothing ever happens here in the evenings.
Have you ever been to London?
He hardly ever (= almost never) washes the dishes and he rarely, if ever, (= probably never) does any cleaning.
The smell is worse than ever.
I thought she was famous, but none of my friends have ever heard of her.

2) continually:

He is ever repeating the same old story.

3) used for emphasizing an adjective:

Yesterday the company announced its first ever fall in profits.

4) for all time:

I like the house but I don't imagine I'll live there forever.

5) continually since that time:
He's been depressed ever since he got divorced.

Reading--- Two life-saving medicines

1. If you open up any medicine cupboard in the world, there is a high probability that you will find aspirin and penicillin. (P18) 倘若你打开世界上任何一个药柜,都很可能找到阿司匹林和青霉素。

open up

phrasal verb [M]

1) to show sth. that was hidden or not previously known:
The security council debate could open up sharp differences between the countries.

2) to improve a situation by making it less limited:
The government has announced plans to open up access to higher education.

3) to make a space larger or less enclosed:
We're going to open up our kitchen by knocking down a couple of walls.

4) to open the lock on the door of a building:
The caretaker opens up the school every morning at seven

5) to do a medical operation on someone to see inside their body:
When they opened her up, they couldn't find anything wrong with her.

6) to start to talk more about yourself and your feelings:
I've never opened up to anyone like I do to you.

probability

n. [C or U] the likelihood of sth. happening or being true:
What is the probability of winning?
The probability of getting all the answers correct is about one in ten.
There's a high/strong probability (that) (= It is very likely that) she'll be here.
Until yesterday, the project was just a possibility, but now it has become a real probability (= it is likely that it will happen).

probable

adj. likely to be true or likely to happen:
The probable cause of death was heart failure.

[+ that] It is probable that share prices will fall still further.

 

2. … but in fact, 3,500 years ago, some recipes recommended drinking a tea made from the dried leaves of a particular plant to reduce body pains. (P18) 但事实上,早在3,500年前就有一些药方建议人们饮用一种由特殊植物的干叶制成的茶来减轻身体的病痛。

recommend

v. [T] to suggest that someone or sth. would be good or suitable for a particular job or purpose, or to suggest that a particular action should be done:
I can recommend the chicken in mushroom sauce - it's delicious.
She has been recommended for promotion.
The headmistress agreed to recommend the teachers' proposals to the school governors.
[+ (that)] The doctor recommended (that) I take more exercise.
[+ ing form of verb] I recommend writing your feelings down on paper.
recommended

adj.
It is dangerous to take more than the recommended dose of this medicine.
She is a highly recommended architect.
recommendation

n.1) [C or U] a suggestion that sth. is good or suitable for a particular purpose or job:
I bought this computer on John's recommendation (= because John told me that it was good).
I got the job on Sam's recommendation (= because she told her employers that I was suitable for the job).
2) [C] advice telling someone what the best thing to do is:
[+ that] The report makes the recommendation that no more prisons should be built.

make…from…

to produce sth., often using a particular substance or material:

Butter is made out of/from milk.

3. The first trials of this medicine took place in 1899 when the company Hoffmann worked for began giving the medicine in powder form to physicians to use with patients. (P18) 1899年, 该药品第一次进行实验, 当时, 霍夫曼供职的公司开始将该药以粉末形式提供给医师, 让他们用于病人。

trial

n. [C or U] 1) a test, usually over a limited period of time, to discover how effective or suitable sth. or someone is:
They're doing clinical trials on a new drug.
They've employed her for a six-month trial (period).
MAINLY UK You can buy any of their garden equipment on trial/US USUALLY on a trial basis, and if you don't like it you can give it back.

2) the hearing of statements and showing of objects, etc. in a court of law to judge whether a person is guilty of a crime or to decide a case or a legal matter:
Trial by jury is a fundamental right.
It was a very complicated trial that went on for months.
She's going on/standing trial for fraud.

trial and error

n. a way of achieving an aim or solving a problem by trying a number of different methods and learning from the mistakes that you make:
There's no instant way of finding a cure - it's just a process of trial and error.

take place: to happen:
The concert takes place next Thursday.

in…form=in the form of…

The lawn was laid out in the form of the figure eight.

in any shape or form
of any type:
I'm opposed to war in any shape or form.

4. A year later, in 1900, aspirin was sold in shops as a tablet containing 500 milligrams of ASA. (P18) 一年以后，阿司匹林被制成片剂在药店出售，每片含有200毫克的乙酰水杨酸。

contain

v. [T not continuous]
to have sth. inside or include sth. as a part:
How much liquid do you think this bottle contains?
I've lost a file containing a lot of important documents.
Try to avoid foods which contain a lot of fat.
The allegations contained in this report are very serious.

注意比较:

include

v. [T] to contain sth. as a part of sth. else, or to make sth. part of sth. else:
The book contains 40 maps, including a map of China.

The bill includes tax and service.
Tax and service are included in the bill.

5. Lawrence Craven, a doctor from the USA, is the author of several published reports, one of which introduced the idea in 1953 that aspirin could reduce the risk of heart attacks by thinning blood. (P18) 美国的一位医生劳伦斯·克雷文发表了好几篇报告，其中1953年的一篇报告提出了阿司匹林可以稀释血液。

thin

adj. (thinner, thinnest) having a small distance between two opposite sides:
a thin book
thin black lines
a thin jacket

adj. (thinner, thinnest) (of the body) with little flesh on the bones:
Did you notice how thin her wrists were?
Thin, hungry dogs roamed the streets.

Adj. (thinner, thinnest) (of a liquid) flowing easily:
a thin soup

v. [T] to make a substance less thick, often by adding a liquid to it:
Thin the sauce down with a little stock.

6. … and in 1977, a study carried out in the USA showed that the chemical ASA in aspirin could prevent a stroke, which is a type of serious illness when blood vessels in the brain burst suddenly or are blocked. (P18) 1977年，美国的一项研究证明，阿司匹林中的化学物质乙酰水杨酸能预防中风。中风是由于大脑血管爆裂或梗塞而产生的一种突发疾病。

block

n. [C] 1) a solid straight-sided lump of hard material:
a block of wood/ice

2) a group of things bought, dealt with, or considered together:
a block of tickets/seats/shares
Corporate-hospitality firms make block bookings (= buy large numbers of seats) at big sporting events.

3) a large, usually tall building divided into separate parts for use as offices or homes by several different organizations or people:
an office block

4) the distance along a street from where one road crosses it to the place where the next road crosses it, or one part of a street like this, especially in a town or city:
The museum is just six blocks away.
My friend and I live on the same block.
5) a square group of buildings or houses with roads on each side:
I took a walk around the block.

6)A block in (= An object blocking) the pipe was preventing the water from coming through.

v. [T] to prevent movement through sth., or to prevent sth. from happening or succeeding:
A fallen tree is blocking the road.
My view was blocked by a tall man in front of me.
She was very talented and I felt her parents were blocking her progress.

7. In 1999, aspirin was 100 years old and yet there have been more discoveries on how it can help increase the length of people’s lives. (P19) 到1999年，阿司匹林已有100年的历史，然而关于它如何帮助延长人类寿命方面还有更多的发现。

length

n. 1) [C or U] the measurement of sth. from end to end or along its longest side:
The boat is ten metres in length.
The length of the bay is approximately 200 miles.
She planted rose bushes (along) the length of the garden (= the whole distance along it).
2) [C] a piece of sth. such as string or pipe:
a length of rope

3) [C] the amount of time sth. takes:
the length of a film/speech/play
He is unable to concentrate on his work for any length of time (= for anything more than a short time).

keep sb. at arm's length
to not allow someone to become too friendly with you:
I always had the feeling she was keeping me at arm's length.

at length
1) for a long time:
George went on at great length about his various illnesses.
2) FORMAL If sth. happens at length, it happens after a long period of time:
At length, the authorities allowed her to go home.

8. He noted that mould had grown on a special transparent jelly that had bacteria on it. (P19)  他注意到，带有细菌的一种特殊的，透明的果子冻上长起了霉。

note

v. [T] SLIGHTLY FORMAL  1) to notice sth.:
They noted the consumers' growing demand for quicker service.
[+ (that)] Please note (that) we will be closed on Saturday.
[+ question word] Note how easy it is to release the catch quickly.
2) to give your attention to something by discussing it or making a written record of it:
[+ that] He said the weather was beyond our control, noting that last summer was one of the hottest on record.
In the article, she notes several cases of medical incompetence.

n. [U] FORMAL
importance, or when sth. deserves attention:
There was nothing of note in the latest report.
noted

adj. known by many people, especially because of particular qualities:
Summerhill school is noted for its progressive policies.
She's not noted for her patience (= She is not a patient person).

9. It was not until World War II that two other scientists managed to use new chemical techniques to purify it. (P19)直到二战另外两个科学家才设法使用新的化学方法来净化它。

It was not until that… 这是一个not… until…结构的强调句型。

强调句型的结构为：It is/was +被强调部分+that…

10. He named the chemical found in the mould penicillin and tried to make it pure to be a medicine, but was unable to do that. (P19) 他把霉里的化学物质命名为青霉素并尽力提纯该物质以便制药，但没能做成。

name

v. [T] 1) to give someone or sth. a name:
[+ two objects] We named our dogs 'Shandy' and 'Belle'.
A man named Dennis answered the door.
2) to say what sth. or someone's name is:
In the first question you had to name three types of monkey.
He couldn't name his attacker.

n. [C] the word or words that a person, thing or place is known by:
"Hi, what's your name?" "My name's Diane."
Please write your full (= complete) name and address on the form.
What's the name of that mountain in the distance?
We finally agreed on the name Luca for our son.
The students were listed by name and by country of origin.

pure

adj. not mixed with anything else:
a pure cotton shirt

NOTE: The opposite is impure.

purify

v. [T] to remove bad substances from sth. to make it pure:
Plants help to purify the air.

One of the functions of the kidneys is to purify the blood.

unable

adj. be unable to do sth. to not be able to do sth.:
We were unable to contact him at the time.

11. They were able to produce it in large quantities. (P19) 他们能够大量地生产它。

able

adj. be able to do sth. to have the necessary physical strength, mental power, skill, time, money or opportunity to do sth.:
Will she be able to cope with the work?
He's never been able to admit to his mistakes.
I'm sorry that I wasn't able to phone you yesterday.
It's so wonderful being able to see the sea from my window.

ability (POWER)

n. [C or U]
the physical or mental power or skill needed to do sth.:
There's no doubting her ability.
[+ to infinitive] She had the ability to explain things clearly and concisely.
She's a woman of considerable abilities.

quantity

n. [C or U] the amount or number of sth., especially that can be measured or is fixed:
Police found a large/small quantity of drugs in his possession.
We consumed vast quantities of food and drink that night.
The (sheer) quantity (= large amount) of equipment needed for the trip is staggering.
They are now developing ways to produce the vaccine in large quantities and cheaply.

 

12. If penicillin had not been available, many people would have died from bacterial illnesses or even minor wounds. (P19) 如果没有青霉素，很多人会死于由细菌引起的疾病。

available

adj. able to be obtained, used, or reached:
Is this dress available in a larger size?
There's no money available for an office party this year.
It is vital that food is made available to the famine areas.
[+ to infinitive] I'm afraid I'm not available to help with the show on the 19th.

die

v. [I] (dying, died, died) to stop living or existing, either suddenly or slowly:
Twelve people died in the accident.
She died of/from hunger/cancer/a heart attack/her injuries.
It is a brave person who will die for their beliefs.

13. Penicillin is also used to treat other illnesses including pneumonia, an illness that affects the lungs. (P19) 青霉素也用于治疗其他的疾病,其中包括肺炎,这是一种侵袭肺部的疾病.

affect

v. [T] to have an influence on someone or sth., or to cause them to change:
Both buildings were badly affected by the fire.
The divorce affected every aspect of her life.
It's a disease which affects mainly older people.
I was deeply affected by the film (= It caused strong feelings in me).

14. In 1945, all the three scientists, Fleming, Florey and Chain, shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work, and penicillin rapidly became the powerful ‘wonder drug’ which saved millions of lives. (P19) 由于弗莱明, 弗洛里和钱恩的贡献, 1945年他们共同获得诺贝尔奖的生理学或医药学奖, 而青霉素因挽救了数百万人的生命, 很快成为一种强大的“神奇药品”。

share

v. 1) [I or T] to have or use sth. at the same time as someone else:
She's very possessive about her toys and finds it hard to share.
Bill and I shared an office for years.
I share a house with four other people.

2) [I or T] to divide food, money, goods, etc. and give part of it to someone else:
Will you share your sandwich with me?
Let's share the sweets (out) among/between everyone.
We should share (in) the reward.

3) [I or T] If two or more people share an activity, they each do some of it:
Shall we share the driving?
We shared the preparation for the party between us, so it wasn't too much work.
4) [I or T] If two or more people or things share a feeling, quality or experience, they both or all have the same feeling, quality or experience:
We share an interest in sailing.
All hospitals share some common characteristics.
I don't share your views/beliefs.

wonder

v. 1) [I] to ask yourself questions or express a desire to know about sth.:
[+ question word] Hadn't you better phone home? Your parents will be wondering where you are.
He's starting to wonder whether he did the right thing in accepting this job.
[+ speech] Will this turkey be big enough for eight, I wonder?
"Have you decided where you're going next summer?" "I've been wondering about (= considering) going to Florida."
2) used in phrases, at the beginning of a request, to make it more formal and polite:
[+ speech] I wonder - could you help me carry these books?
[+ question word] I wonder whether you could pass me the butter?
I wonder if you could give me some information about places to visit in the area?

n. 1) [U] a feeling of great surprise and admiration caused by seeing or experiencing sth. that is strange and new:
The sight of the Grand Canyon stretching out before them filled them with wonder.
The boys gazed in wonder at the shiny red Ferrari.
2) [C usually plural] an object that causes a feeling of great surprise and admiration:
We spent a week visiting the wonders of Ancient Greek civilization.

wonder drug

n. [C] INFORMAL: a very effective new medicine:
It has proved to be a wonder drug for sufferers of epilepsy, reducing seizures by up to 80%.

million

determiner, n., pron. (plural million or millions)
1) [C] (the number) 1 000 000:
She got eight million dollars for appearing in that film.
2) [C] a lot (of):
I've heard that joke a million times.

15. It has saved and brought relief to millions of people’s lives. (P21) 它拯救了许多人的性命,减轻了许多人的痛苦.

relief

n. [C or U] food, money or services which provide help for people in need:
an international relief operation
relief agencies/supplies

Acupuncture anaesthesia brought relief to the patient.
Pop stars have raised millions of pounds for famine relief in Africa.

relieve

 v. [T] 1) to provide relief for a bad situation or for people in need:
emergency food aid to help relieve the famine
2) to take the place of someone and continue doing their job or duties:
I'm on duty until 2 p.m. and then Peter is coming to relieve me.

16. It was fundamental to saving many thousands of lives and is one of the most important medicines of contemporary society. (P21)它对于拯救许多人的性命是很重要的,并且它是当代社会最重要的药物之一.

fundamental

adj. forming the base, from which everything else originates; more important than anything else:
We need to make fundamental changes to the way in which we treat our environment.
It's one of the fundamental differences between men and women.
The school is based on the fundamental principle that each child should develop its full potential.
Diversity is of fundamental importance to all ecosystems and all economies.
Some understanding of grammar is fundamental to learning a language.
fundamentally

adv.
Our new managing director has reorganized the company a bit, but nothing has fundamentally changed/altered (= its basic character has not changed).
I still believe that people are fundamentally (= in a basic and important way) good.
I disagree fundamentally (= in every way that is important) with what you're saying.

Grammar and usage

1. put through

1) put sb. through (TELEPHONE)

phrasal verb: to connect a person using a telephone to the person they want to speak to:
Could you put me through to customer services, please?

2) put sb. through sth. (BAD EXPERIENCE)

phrasal verb: to make someone experience sth. unpleasant or difficult:
I'm sorry to put you through this ordeal.

3) put sb. through sth. (EDUCATION)

phrasal verb: to pay for someone to study at school, college or university:
It's costing them a lot of money to put their children through school.
[R] She's putting herself through college.

2. decide on

decide on sth./sb.

phrasal verb: to choose sth. or someone after careful thought:
I've decided on blue for the bathroom.

3. look around/round:

look round (somewhere/sth.)

phrasal verb: to visit a place and look at the things in it:
She spent the afternoon looking round the shops.
When we went to Stratford, we only had a couple of hours to look round.

4. put off

put sth. off (DELAY)

phrasal verb: to decide or arrange to delay an event or activity until a later time or date:
The meeting has been put off for a week.
[+ ing form of verb] I can't put off going to the dentist any longer.

5. turn up

1) turn up (somewhere) (APPEAR)

phrasal verb INFORMAL: to arrive or appear somewhere, usually unexpectedly or in way that was not planned:
Do you think many people will turn up?
She turned up at my house late one night.

2) turn up

phrasal verb: If sth. that you have been looking for turns up, you find it unexpectedly:
The missing letter eventually turned up inside a book

3) turn sth up (FOLD)

phrasal verb [M]: to make a piece of clothing or part of a piece of clothing shorter, by folding the material and sewing it into position:
You could always turn the sleeves up.

4) turn sth. up (DISCOVER)

phrasal verb INFORMAL: to discover sth., especially information, after a lot of searching:
See what you can turn up about the family in the files.

6. fill in:

1) fill sth. in/out (WRITE)

phrasal verb: to write the necessary information on an official document:
to fill in a form/questionnaire

2) fill in (REPLACE)

phrasal verb: to do someone else's work for them because they cannot or will not do it themselves:
Volunteers would fill in for teachers in the event of a strike.
I'm not her regular secretary - I'm just filling in..

7. split up

split (DIVIDE) (splitting, split, split)

v. [I or T] to (cause to) divide into two or more parts, especially along a particular line:
The prize was split between Susan and Kate.
Split the aubergines in half and cover with breadcrumbs.
The teacher split the children (up) into three groups.

split up

phrasal verb INFORMAL: If two people split up, they end their relationship or marriage:
She split up with her boyfriend last week.

8. Could I speak to the public relations officer? (P25)

这是一句交际用语，多用于打电话。

9. Maybe I can deal with your enquiry. 也许我可以应对你的询问。

enquiry

n. [C or U] UK (US ALSO inquiry)

1)      (the process of asking) a question:
I've been making inquiries about/into the cost of a round-the-world ticket.
FORMAL Inquiry into the matter is pointless - no one will tell you anything.
2) [C] an official process to discover the facts about sth. bad that has happened:
a judicial inquiry
Citizens have demanded a full inquiry into the government's handling of the epidemic.

10.       handful

n. [S] a small number of people or things:
She invited loads of friends to her party, but only a handful of them turned up.

n. [C]
an amount of something that can be held in one hand:
He pulled out a handful of coins from his pocket.

11. She can take down your details. (P25) 她可以把你的细节情况记录下来。

take down

1) to write sth. that another person has just said:
He took down my address and phone number and said he'd phone back.

NOTE: 同义词组为 write down/put down

2) (REMOVE) phrasal verb: to remove sth. that is on a wall or sth. that is temporary, or to remove a structure by separating its different parts:
I've taken the pictures down.

detail

n. [C] a single piece of information or fact about sth.:
She insisted on telling me every single detail of what they did to her in hospital.
We don't know the full/precise details of the story yet.
She refused to disclose/divulge any details about/of the plan.

in detail
including or considering all the information about sth. or every part of sth.:
We haven't discussed the matter in detail yet.
The book described her sufferings in graphic detail.
He talked in great detail about the curtains he's chosen for his lounge.

go into detail
to tell or include all the facts about sth.:
I won't go into detail over the phone, but I've been having a few health problems recently.

12. My pleasure. (P25) 不用谢。

It's a pleasure. ALSO ( It's) my pleasure.
a polite way of replying to someone who has thanked you:
"It was so kind of you to give us a lift." "Don't mention it - it was a pleasure.

with pleasure FORMAL
willingly:
"Would you mind holding the door open for me, please?" "Oh, with pleasure."

 

 

Task

1. If you are listening to a TV report about a current situation,… (P26) 如果你在听一个关于当前形势的报告的话，……

current

adj. of the present time:
Have you seen the current issue of (= the most recently published) Vogue magazine?
The word 'thou' (= you) is no longer in current use.
currently

adv.

The Director is currently having talks in the USA.

current affairs

plural noun: political news about events happening now.

2. We teach students to hold a book at least 30 cm away from their eyes while reading. (P27) 我们教育学生在读书的时候拿书离他们的眼睛至少有30厘米的距离。

hold

v. [T not continuous] (held, held)
1) to contain or be able to contain sth.:
This jug holds exactly one pint.
One bag won't hold all of the shopping - we'd better take two.
Modern computers can hold huge amounts of information.

2) to take and keep sth. in your hand or arms:
Can you hold the bag while I open the door?
He was holding a gun.
The little girl held her mother's hand.
He held her in his arms.
[+ object + adjective] Could you hold the door open, please?
Rosie held out an apple for the horse.
All those who agree please hold up their hand (= raise their arm)

3. We have adjusted all the lighting arrangements in the classrooms so that each room is well lit. (P27)

adjust (CHANGE)

v. [T] 1) to change sth. slightly, especially to make it more correct, effective, or suitable:
If the chair is too high you can adjust it to suit you.
As a teacher you have to adjust your methods to suit the needs of slower children.
2) to arrange your clothing to make yourself look tidy:
She adjusted her skirt, took a deep breath and walked into the room.
adjustable

adj. able to be changed to suit particular needs:
The height of the steering wheel is adjustable.
Is the strap on this helmet adjustable?
adjustment

n. [C or U] a small change:
She made a few minor adjustments to the focus of her camera.

so (that)

conj., adv.：used before you give an explanation for the action that you have just mentioned:
[+ (that)] I deliberately didn't have lunch so (that) I would be hungry tonight.
Leave the keys out so (that) I remember to take them with me.

4. A book stand has been provided next to the computer monitor. (P27) 在电脑屏幕的旁边提供了一个阅览架。

stand

n. [C] 1) a frame or piece of furniture for supporting or putting things on:
a music stand
a hatstand

2) a small shop or stall or an area where products can be shown, usually outside or in a large public building, at which people can buy things or obtain information:
a hotdog stand
Over three thousand companies will have stands at this year's microelectronics exhibition.

monitor

n. [C] 1) a device with a screen on which words or pictures can be shown:
a computer monitor
a TV monitor
Doctors watched the old man's heartbeat on a monitor.

2) a person who has the job of watching or noticing particular things:
United Nations monitors were not allowed to enter the area.
v. [T] to watch and check a situation carefully for a period of time in order to discover sth.about it:
The new findings suggest that women ought to monitor their cholesterol levels.
The CIA were monitoring (= secretly listening to) his phone calls.

5. Teachers have been trained to look out for students who may be having eyesight problems. (P27) 老师们已经被训练来留意可能有视力问题的学生。

look out for sb./sth.

phrasal verb:to try to notice someone or sth.:
Look out for Anna while you're there.

6. reminding students to do eye exercises both at school and at home (P27)

remind

v. [T] to make someone aware of sth. they have forgotten or might have forgotten:
Could you remind Paul about dinner on Saturday?
[+ to infinitive] Please remind me to post this letter.
[+ (that)] I rang Jill and reminded her (that) the conference had been cancelled.

remind you of sth./sb.

phrasal verb: to be similar to, and make you think of, sth. or someone else:
Your hair and eyes remind me of your mother.
reminder

n. [C] a written or spoken message which reminds someone to do sth.:
If he forgot to pay his rent, his landlady would send him a reminder.
[+ to infinitive] Mum sent me off with a final reminder to be back before 11 pm.

7. in a certain way (P28)

certain

adj. 1) having no doubt or knowing exactly that sth. is true, or known to be true, correct, exact or effective:
[+ (that)] Are you absolutely certain (that) you gave them the right number?
I feel certain (that) you're doing the right thing.
You should make certain (that) everyone understands the instructions.
The police seem certain (that) they will find the people responsible for the attack.
[+ question word] I'm not certain how much it will cost.
He was quite certain about/of his attacker's identity.
One thing is certain - she won't resign willingly.
2) know/say for certain: to know or state sth. without doubt:
I don't know for certain if she's coming.
I can't say for certain how long I'll be there.

3) adj. [before noun] FORMAL: named but neither famous nor known well:
I had lunch today with a certain George Michael - not the George Michael, I should explain.
certainly

adv.1) used to reply emphatically or to emphasize sth. and show that there is no doubt about it:
She certainly had a friend called Mark, but I don't know whether he was her boyfriend.
"This is rather a difficult question." "Yes, it's certainly not easy."
"Do you think more money should be given to education?" "Certainly!"
"Had you forgotten about our anniversary?" "Certainly not! I've reserved a table at Michel's restaurant for this evening."
2) used when agreeing or disagreeing strongly to a request:
"Could you lend me £10?" "Certainly."
"Did you take any money out of my purse?" "Certainly not!"

make certain/sure
to take action so that you are certain that sth. happens, is true, etc:
I'll just make sure I've turned the oven off.
Make certain (that) we have enough drink for the party.
Make sure you're home by midnight.
Jones made sure of his place in the side with three fine goals.
I think I locked the door but I'll go back and check just to make sure.

NOTE: some student=a certain student 某个学生

some students 一些学生  certain students 某些学生

8. agree (P28)

v. 1) [I or T] to have the same opinion, or to accept a suggestion or idea:
Ann and I never seem to agree.
I agree with you on this issue.
My father and I don't agree about/on very much.
[+ that] I agree that he should be invited.
[+ question word] Experts seem unable to agree whether the drug is safe or not.
[+ speech] "You're absolutely right, " agreed Jake.
I suggested that we should meet, and they agreed (= said yes).
[+ to infinitive] The bank has agreed (= is willing) to lend me £5000.
2) [I] If two or more statements, ideas, sets of numbers, etc. agree, they are the same or very similar:
We've got five accounts of what happened and none of them agree.

agree to sth.

phrasal verb:
Both sides in the conflict have agreed to the terms of the peace treaty.

agree with sth.(THINK)

phrasal verb [usually in negatives]: to think that sth. is morally acceptable:
I don't agree with hunting.

agree with sb. (AFFECT)

phrasal verb: If a situation or new conditions agree with you, they make you feel healthy and happy:
You look well - the mountain air must agree with you.

couldn't agree more/less
If you say you couldn't agree more/less, you mean you completely agree/disagree.

Project

1. Eventually, metal needles began to appear and these took their place. (P30) 最后，金属针的出现取代了它们。

eventually

adv. in the end, especially after a long time or a lot of effort, problems, etc:
Although she had been ill for a long time, it still came as a shock when she eventually died.
It might take him ages but he'll do it eventually.

eventual

adj. [before n.] happening or existing at a later time or at the end, especially after a lot of effort, problems, etc:
The Dukes were the eventual winners of the competition.
Although the original budget for the project was $1 billion, the eventual cost is likely to be 50% higher.

NOTE: eventually的同义词/词组为：at last, finally, in the end, at length等.

take one’s place=take the place of sb./sth.

When he was away on business, Tom took his place/took the place of him.
take place
to happen:
The concert takes place next Thursday

2. Acupuncture involves putting stainless steel needles into the skin at certain points on the body so that a disease can be cured or a health problem solved. (P30) 针灸疗法是把不锈钢针扎进身体的特定部位，从而使疾病得以治愈或使健康问题得到解决。

involve

v. [T not continuous]
to include someone or sth. in sth., or to make them take part in or feel part of it:
The second accident involved two cars and a lorry.
I prefer teaching methods that actively involve students in learning.
[+ ing form of verb] The operation involves putting a small tube into your heart.
Research involving the use of biological warfare agents will be used for defensive purposes.
She's been involved with animal rights for many years.
It would be difficult not to involve the child's father in the arrangements.
involvement

n. [C or U]
The team's continued involvement in the competition is uncertain.
Being on the committee is one involvement I could do without.

3. Some people have also used acupuncture to treat addictions to cigarettes. (P31) 有些人也用针灸来治疗烟瘾。

addiction

n. [C or U]
drug addiction
his addiction to alcohol

addicted

adj.
By the age of 14 he was addicted to heroin.
I'm addicted to (= I very often eat/drink) chocolate/lattes.
I know that if I start watching a soap opera I immediately become hopelessly addicted.
addictive

adj. 1) An addictive drug is one which you cannot stop taking once you have started:
Tobacco is highly addictive.
2) describes an activity or food that you cannot stop doing or eating once you have started:
The problem with video games is that they're addictive.
These nuts are addictive - I can't stop eating them.

4. Another theory suggests that acupuncture promotes the production of chemicals in the body which reduce pain. (P31) 另一个理论提出针灸促进了身体里减少疼痛的化学物质的产生。
suggest

v. [T] 1) to mention an idea, possible plan or action for other people to consider:
They were wondering where to hold the office party and I suggested the Italian restaurant near the station.
FORMAL Might I suggest a white wine with your salmon, sir?
[+ (that)] I suggest (that) we wait a while before we make any firm decisions.
Liz suggested (that) I try the shop on Mill Road.
[+ ing form of verb] I suggested putting the matter to the committee.
[+ question word] Can you suggest where I might find a chemist's?
2) to communicate or show an idea or feeling without stating it directly or giving proof:
[+ (that)] There's no absolute proof, but all the evidence suggests (that) he's guilty.
Are you suggesting (that) I look fat in these trousers?
Something about his manner suggested a lack of interest in what we were doing.
suggestion

n. [C or U]
I don't know what to wear tonight - have you got any suggestions?
She made some very helpful suggestions but her boss rejected them all.
[+ that] They didn't like my suggestion that we should all share the cost.
I have a few favourite restaurants that I tend to go back to, but I'm always open to new suggestions (= willing to try new ones that people suggest).
I went to the Park Street dentist's at Ann's suggestion (= as a result of Ann suggesting it) and I was really impressed.

 

promote

v. [T] 1) to raise someone to a higher or more important position or rank:
If I'm not promoted within the next two years, I'm going to change jobs.
She's just been promoted to senior sales rep.
If Coventry City win this match, they'll be promoted to the Premier League.

2) to encourage the popularity, sale, development or existence of sth.:
Advertising companies are always having to think up new ways to promote products.
The Institute is intended to promote an understanding of the politics and culture of the Arab world.
Greenpeace works to promote awareness of the dangers that threaten our planet today.
It has long been known that regular exercise promotes all-round good health.

promotion

n. 1) [C or U] activities to advertise sth.:
a sales promotion
There was a promotion in the supermarket and they were giving away free glasses of wine.
Obviously as sales manager he'll be very involved in the promotion and marketing of the product.
2) [U] when sth. is encouraged to happen or develop:
the promotion of a healthy lifestyle

3) when someone is raised to a higher or more important position or rank:
Did Steve get/Was Steve given the promotion he wanted?
The job offers excellent promotion prospects.
Fiorentina's win against Palermo last night has considerably increased their chances of promotion this season.