TPO13: TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS
(2011-12-22 19:01:33)
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Types of Social Groups
1.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:查字典:You use elaborate to describe something that is very complex because it has a lot of different parts. 释义来自科林斯高级学习词典。
2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:段落最后一句“When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.”意思是:当两人联系持续时间够长使他们被一些相对稳定的期望连接在一起时,这就是关系了。
选项一错,文中没谈到结构;选项二错,没谈研究的问题;选项三错,没讲苛刻要求的事儿。
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:查字典:If you endow something with a particular feature or quality, you provide it with that feature or quality. 释义来自科林斯高级学习词典。
4.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:段落第四句和第五句“Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors.”意思是:工具纽带是我们和其他人一起合作共同达到目标而形成的社会连接。偶尔,这意味着要和竞争者协同工作而不是对抗。与竞争者一般是不会合作的,但是偶尔也需要合作来达成双方的利益,互利共赢,所以只有选项一符合。
选项二错,工具纽带不要感情投资;选项三错,只有感情纽带需要安全感,爱和认可;选项四错,段落最后一句“More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.”意思是:通常,我们只是和其他人合作达到某种目的,除此之外没有任何更大的意义。
5.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:段落第一句“Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary.”意思是:社会学家把主要群组和次要群组的区别基于感情纽带和工具纽带的区别。主要群组:两个或更多的人,相互之间有直接,亲密和紧密的关系;感情纽带在这一群组中占据主导;其中人被看做目的而且因为他们自己而有价值。次要群组:两个或更多的人,非私人关系,出于具体实际的目的走到一起。工具纽带在次要群组中占主要地位,其中人被看做到达目的的途径。
6.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:段落最后一句“People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.”意思是:工作的人通常会和合作者发展出亲密关系,因为他们慢慢共享抱怨、笑话、流言蜚语和满足感。
7.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:size up 评估;查字典:If you size up a person or situation, you carefully look at the person or think about the situation, so that you can decide how to act. (INFORMAL) 释义来自科林斯高级学习词典
8.
以下哪一项能表达出高亮句子的精华核心含义?错误选项改变重要含义或者遗漏精华信息。
Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society’s cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.
社会学家把主要群组看成是个人和更大社会的桥梁,因为他们传递,调解并且翻译了社会价值模式,而且提供了一种单一感,而这种单一感对社会团结非常关键。
View…as…把。。。看做。。。; transmit v.传递; mediate v.调解; interpret v.翻译,理解;
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:选项一错,丢失了原句的因果关系;
选项二错,不是个体作为桥梁,而是主要群组。
选项四错,完全语无伦次。
9.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:文章先定义了两种关系:感情纽带和工具纽带;然后定义了两种群组:主要群组和次要群组;接着举例说明它们如何形成,转变,作用。
10.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:To deviate from something means to
start doing something different or not planned, especially in a way
that causes problems for others.
They stopped you as soon as you deviated from the script...
= depart;
11.
a)
b)
c)
d)
解析:根据原句“For instance, some
social groups employ shunning(a person can remain in the
community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as
a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond
that allowed by the particular group.”意思是:例如,一些社会群组把“躲避”(一个人留在群体中,但是其他人不鸟他)作为个体行为划分的工具,用以衡量那些行为超出特定群组允许范围的个人。这句话比较恶心,通常的顺序应该是:….as a device to bring individuals whose behavior goes beyond
into line that allowed by the
particular group.
实在看不懂了,可以看到段落最后一句“Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of
social norms and as enforcers of
them”意思是:主要群组,因此不仅仅是社会规范的载体还是它们的实施者。
12.
以下哪一项能表达出高亮句子的精华核心含义?错误选项改变重要含义或者遗漏精华信息。
People who do not live alone, for example, tend to make healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies than people who live by themselves.
那些不是独自生活的人更能做出更健康的决定并且比那些独自生活的人少生病。
Pathology n.病状
解析:插入句子中谈到健康问题,而原段落只有第二句“Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being.”意思是:在其中,我们能体会到伙伴关系、爱、安全感和整体健康和安宁。因此答案是第二个插入口。
13.
Primary Groups:
Secondary Groups:,4,5
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
现象解释说明文
第一段定义关系,讲人与人之间关系的形成。
第二段讲人之间受两种纽带的连接:感情纽带和工具纽带。
第三段社会学家根据两种不同纽带来区分两种不同群组:主要群组和次要群组;感情纽带在主要群组中占优势,工具纽带在次要群组中占优势。在主要群组中人本身被视为目的,本身就具有价值,在次要群体中人被视为达到目的的途径。
第四段讲主要群组形成的原因:第一,群组足够小;第二,面对面交流;第三,经常持续联系;
第五段讲了主要群组对我们和社会很重要。第一,主要群组对社会化的过程很重要,社会学家将主要群组视为个人与社会连接的桥梁。
第六段讲第二,主要群落是提供一个环境,能够满足我们大多需求。我们感受到友情,爱情,安全感和整体健康幸福感。还说一个组的纽带对小组工作很有作用。举了一个运动队的例子,纽带联系越紧密,记录表现越好。
第七段讲第三,主要群落为社会控制提供了强有力的工具。首先讲了奖赏制度(rewards),然后讲惩罚制度,举了shunning的例子。更牛逼的是,主要群落通过把我们的经历结构化来定义现实,还能提供条件定义,抽取那些符合群组发明含义的行为。因此,群组不仅是社会规范的载体还是它们的实施者。