第十三讲    倒 装 和 强 调

I．倒装

I.1  主语和谓语的倒装

主语和谓语的倒装，是一种常见的倒装形式。倒装方法有两种：

部分谓语倒装：把谓语中的（第一）助动词或情态动词倒装到主语之前去；将谓语的其余部分留在主语之后。如果谓语中没有助动词，则需在主语之前加上do/does/did，原谓语动词仍留在主语之后，用无to不定式形式，即： 助动词+主语+……

全部谓语倒装：把整个谓语倒装到主语之前去，即：谓语+主语+…… 

1. 部分谓语倒装

助动词+主语+谓语的其余部分+……

Do/does/did +主语+无to不定式+…...

用这种方式倒装的句型主要包括下面几种：

⑴ 疑问句的语序：“（疑问词+）（第一）助动词+主语+……”

例

Has he left already?   他已经动身了吗？

Won’t you have some tea?  你不喝点儿茶吗？

Are you going to take part in the debate?  你要参加这一讨论吗？

Did he park his car in front of my house?  他把车子停在我家房前了吗？

How long will it take you to finish?  你还有多久才能结束？

⑵ If 从句的谓语中若包括有助动词had, were 或should, 可将其倒装到主语前去，把if省略掉。

Had/should/were+主语+谓语的其余部分+……

例

Had I not helped him, he would have failed in business.

=If I had not helped him, he would have failed in business.

如果不是我帮了他一把，他的买卖早就垮了。

Should I be free tomorrow, I will come.

=If I should be free tomorrow, I will come.  明天我万一有空，我就过来。

Were she my daughter, I could suggest a different plan.

=If she were my daughter, I could suggest a different plan.  果她是我的女儿，我会提出不同的计划。

⑶ 为了强调 “only+状语”, 将其放在句首时，也要把助动词倒装在主语前去：

Only +状语+（第一）助动词+主语+谓语的其余部分+……

Only +状语+ do/does/did +主语+动词原形+……

例

Only in recent years have women begun to catch up with men in this area.

只有在近几年，妇女在这一领域里才赶上了男人。

Only a week later did I receive an answer from him.

= It was only a week later that I received an answer from him.一周之后，我才得到了他的回音。

Only after an operation will he be able to walk again.只有在手术之后，他才能再走路。

Only when you are forty and looking back does youth look blissful.

只有当你四十岁时，回首往事，青春年华看起来才是无比快乐的。

Only when scientists can understand all this can the full potential of hypnosis in medical treatment be exploited.

只有科学家们找到了这一切的答案，才能在医疗上充分利用催眠的潜力。

Only in this way can we finish our work in time.   只有用这种方法，我们才能及时完成工作。

(4) 为了强调，常把一些具有否定意义的词或词组放在句首。在这种情况下，也要把助动词倒装到主语之前去：

否定词或词组+（第一）助动词+主语+谓语其余部分+……

否定词或词组+ do/does/did +主语+动词原形+……

* 我们把一些常置于句首，引起倒装的否定词或词组，按其含义或句法功能分为以下几组：

① 表否定意义的副词：

not, never, nor, neither, nowhere 等

例

Never did I dream of seeing him in America.   我真没想到会在美国见到他。

The first one wasn’t good, and neither was the second.   第一个不好，第二个也不好。

Not a single word did she say.   她一言不发。

I do not believe it, nor can you make me believe it.   我不相信这种事，你也不能使我相信。

Nor was this all.   (= And this was not all.)  不仅仅如此。（这也不是全部。）

Never before have so many people applied such abstract mathematics to so great a variety of problems.

以前从没有如此多的人把那种抽象的数学应用在如此多的问题上。

Nowhere could I see him.  I couldn’t see him anywhere. 我到处都找不见他。

If you do not go, neither shall I.如果你不去，我也不去。

Nowhere could I find the wallet.我到处都找不到那个皮夹子。

Δ含有否定词的介词短语 ：

by no means 决不         in no time 立刻，很快       at no time 决不，任何时候都不

in no case 决不          on no account 决不          in/under no circumstances 决不

no longer 不再……       in no way 一点也不          on no condition 无论如何也不

例

By no means should we look down upon the people who are inferior to us.

我们决不应该瞧不起那些地位比我们低的人。

In no case do I want to argue with you.  我决不想与你争辩。

In no time will she be here.  她马上就到。

In no other way can the matter be explained.  没有其他方法可以说明这件事。

No longer will I believe a word you say.  我再也不信你说的任何话了。

At no time did anyone write such a story.  决没有人写过那种故事。

Under no circumstances should you repeat this to anyone.  你决不能将此事泄露给任何人。

In no case are you to leave your post.  你决不可离开你的岗位。

② 半否定副词：

seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely 等

(当否定词修饰句中主语，或不在句首时，不许倒装。Hardly anybody can understand you.=Few people can understand you.)

例

Seldom did he contend with others.  他很少与别人争论。

Rarely have I seen such beautiful handwriting.  很难得见到如此漂亮的笔迹。

Little did she dream that she would marry him.  她想不到会嫁给他。

Hardly did I think it possible.  我几乎认为这是不可能的。

Δ含有否定词的连词 ：

no sooner… (than…)刚…就              hardly/scarcely… (when/before) 刚…就

not until直到…(才)                     not only…(but also…) 不仅…而且…

No sooner had I hung up than the phone started to ring again.

had no sooner hung up than the phone started to ring again.

我刚挂断电话，电话马上又响起来了。

Not until he was five did Tom start to read.Tom didn’t start to read until he was five.

直到五岁，汤姆才开始读书。

Scarcely/Hardly had he started to speak when/before she slammed down the receiver.

(= He had scarcely/hardly started…)

他刚一开口说话，她就把电话砰的一声挂断了。

Not only can the computer gather facts, it can also store them as fast as they are gatheted and can pour them out whenever needed.

计算机不仅能搜集事实论据，而且能以同样的速度将其存储起来，并且还能在需要时将其输出。

（5）so 位于一句之首时，在下列情况下也要倒装：

So +形容词或副词+助动词+主语+……+ that……

So在这一句型中表程度，意为“（到）如此（程度）”。

例

So earnestly did the boys be that their father gave his permission.

= The boys begged so earnestly that their father gave his permission.

孩子们如此诚挚的乞求，使得他们的父亲同意了。

So rough was the sea that the ship couldn’t get into the harbor.  海上波涛汹涌，使得船无法进港。

So terrible was her concert that half the audience left.

= Her concert was so terrible that half the audience left.

她的音乐会是如此糟糕，以致一半的听众都走掉了。

主语+肯定的谓语+……+ and +so+助动词+主语

在一句型中，so 用来代替前句话中的形容词、副词、名词或动词，其含义为“同样”，“也”。

例

Men smoke in England and so do women.  在英国，男人吸烟，女人也吸烟。

I was tried and so were the others.  我累了，其他人也一样（累了）。

My father was a doctor and so am I.  我父亲曾是医生，我现在也是医生。

在对话中，“so+助动词+主语”用来与前者说的话(肯定句)呼应，表示前一句所谈的内容也适用于本句所谈到的人和物。

例

  - I like coffee.                                – Karl speaks German.

  - So do I.                                      – So does his sister.

  我喜欢咖啡。                                     卡尔会讲德语。

  我也是（喜欢）。                                 他妹妹也会。

  -I went to the movies.                          – Sophia can swim.

  -Oh, did you? So did I.                         – So can I.

  我去看电影了。                                  索非亚会游泳。

  噢？是吗？我也去了。                            我也会。

值得注意的是，so 用于其他含意，如：“因此”，“非常”等时，或用来表示对前一句话赞同是，即使是在句首，也不需要倒装。

例

It was late, so we went home.  天已经很晚了，于是我们就回家去了。

I said I would help you, and so I will.  我说过我要帮助你，我就肯定要帮你。

―Josephine is getting married. 

―So I heard.

约瑟芬要结婚了。

我也听说了。

⑹ “Such + is/was 等+ 主语 + that……” 意为“如此（.....）竟使……”

例

Such was my joy that I could not sleep.  我高兴得睡不着觉。

Such was my anger that I lost control of myself.

(=My anger was such that…= So great was my anger that…)

我是如此气恼，以致失去了自制。

如果把to such a degree, to such an extent 或to such lengths等放在句首时，也要倒装。

例

To such a degree was she terrified that she could not say a word.

= She was terrified to such a degree that she could not say a word.

她吓得一句话也说不出来了。

To such lengths did he speak that everyone got bored.  他讲得太繁琐，使得大家都烦了。

⑺ 一些副词或副词短语用作频率状语或方式状语出现在句首时，有时也会因为强调而引起倒装。常见的这类副词有：well, often, always, once, many a time等。

例

Well do I remember the scene.我清楚地记得那一景象。

Often did it snow here.  那里常常下雪。

  Many a time has he given me good advice.

  他曾多次给我提出了非常好的建议。

  Bitterly did we repent of our carelessness.

  我对自己的粗心大意深感懊悔。

  Not once in recent years have I changed my address.

  这些您里我一次也没有改变过地址。

  这类句子也可不用倒装语序。如：

例

  Quite often she walked around here..

  她常在这附近走动。

⑻ “May +主语+动词原形+……”表示祝愿，希望，或乞求，意为 “愿……”; “祝……”。

例

  May you succeed!                 May you be happy!

  祝你成功！                      愿你幸福！

  May you have a very happy married life!

  祝你的婚姻生活幸福美满！

2. 全部谓语倒装

  （全部）谓语+主语+……

用这种方式倒装的句子主要包括以下几种：

⑴ 用there作引导词的句子

   There be (的各种形式) + 主语(+地点或时间状语)

例

   There are birds singing in the tree.

   鸟儿在树上歌唱。

   There was a drop in the temperature.

   温度下降了。

   There’s been no news from her lately.

   近来没有她的消息。

   There之后也可用exist, appear, live, lie, occur, rise, stand 或happen 等表示存在或出现的动词。

例

   There appear dimples on her cheeks when she smiles.

   她笑的时候，面颊上就露出一对酒窝。

   There occurred a catastrophe last year.

   去年出现了特大灾难。

   There happened to be a meeting on that day.

   那天碰巧有个会。

   There once stood a little village by the river.

   河边曾经有过一个小村庄。

   There once lived in Greece a very wise man.

   从前在希腊有一个大贤人。

⑵ here, there, now, then, hence, thus等副词出现在句首时，通常都把原谓语倒装到主语之前去。这类句子中的谓语多为go, come, beg等，主语为名词。在这类句子中，除then后用一般过去时外，其余多用一般现在时。

例

  Now came the moment of decision.

  决定的时刻到了。

  Then came the revolution.

  接踵而来的是一场革命。

  Now comes your turn.

  现在轮到你了。

  如果主语为代词时就不需要倒装。试比较下面两组句子：

例

  Here comes the bus!

  Here it comes!       公共汽车来了！

  There goes the last bus.

  There it goes.        最后一班车开了。

⑶ 地点状语谓语句首时，常把谓语移至主语之前去。这种倒装句中的谓语多为以下不及物动词：come, lie, stand, walk等。

例

  Elsewhere in Vatican Palace are museums that contain priceless collections of art from ancient times.

  梵蒂冈宫的其余地方是博物馆，馆内收藏着价值连城的古代艺术品。

  Among them will be her mother, who swam the channel when she was a girl.

  他们中有一位是她的母亲，她年轻时曾横渡过英吉利海峡。

  North of the Himalays lies the great tableland of Tibet.

  喜马拉雅山上是辽阔的西藏高原。

  Dancing is most likely the oldest art of all and out of it have grown acting and, most probably, music.

  舞蹈可能是最古老的艺术；表演，很可能还有音乐，都是由舞蹈发展而来的。

⑷ 当句中谓语为“不及物动词+副词小品词”时，常被副词小品词提到句首去，即：

   副词小品词+谓语动词+名词主语+……

   用这种语序主要是为了增强语言的效果，使描述更为生动，或用来表达一种略带亲热或诙谐的感叹或命令。常放在句首的副词小品词有：away, down in, off, out, up等。

例

  In went the others! / In they went!

  其他人也一下子闯了进去。

  Off came the wheel! / Off it came!

  轮子掉啦!

  Out was the nail taken. / Out it was taken.

  这个钉子给拔掉了。

  Down came the hammer and out flew the sparks.

  铁锤砸下，火星四溅。

  但是，如果主语为代词，就不能用这种倒装语序。

⑸有时为了强调be后的过去分词或现在分词，也可把分词移至句首去。这样就形成了以下的倒装句式：

  过去分词或现在分词+be的各种形式+主语+……

例

  Scattered on the floor were several books and magazines.

  地上散放着几本书和杂志。

  Written on the label is the model of the machine.

  标签上写着机器的型号。

  Enclosed is return postage with this letter.

  随信附上回信的邮资。

  Marching at the head of the parading procession was a brass band.

  走在游行队伍前头的是一个铜管乐队。

I.2  宾语和表语的倒装

出于强调，或修辞上的考虑，有时可以把句中的宾语或表语提到句首来，使其占据更为突出的位置。

1. 把表语置于句首的原因

   主语过长，而系词和表语相对要短些；

   强调或突出表语所表示的状况。 

⑴ 系动词可能倒装到主语之前去（特别是在主语较长的句子中）。

例

   Especially popular are the singers.

   歌手们特别受欢迎。

Happy were the children who had got permission to play in the garden.

被允许在花园里玩耍的孩子们非常高兴。

  Gone are the days when Chine had to depend on foreign oil.

  中国依赖外国石油的日子已一去不返了。

⑵ 系动词也可能仍留在原来的位置上(使表语更加突出)。

例

   Remarkably fine it is.

   天气异常晴好。

   He was born poor and poor he remained all his life.

   他出身贫寒，而且医生清贫。

⑶ 系动词有时也可以省略掉。

例

   Happy (is) the man to whom it is granted to make even such discovery.

   人只要能有一个这样的发现，也就够幸福了。

2. 把宾语或宾语从句倒装到句首的原因

   强调宾语的内容；

   通过宾语的提前，事后一句与前一句的联系更为紧密；

   增加句子的节奏感和表现力。

例

   This he was unable to do, but in his experiment he made an interesting discovery.

   这一点，他未能办到，但他在自己多次的试验中，却发现了一个有趣的现象。

All of these we may define as our needs.

   所有这一切，我们都可将其确定为必需品。

What they were asked to do in ten days, they finished in three.

   要他们干十天的工作，他们三天就干完了。

This certainly the case but whether it is a defect or not I don’t quite know.

   情况确实如此，但是，是优是劣，我还不很清楚。

   宾语有时也可能放在宾语补语之后去，这主要是因为宾语太长，宾语补语又太短的缘故，这种位置的调整可使句子的结构保持平衡。

例

   She made clear her objections to my proposal.

   他清楚的表明了他反对我的提议。

   He flung open the door to the backyard.

   他用力地把通往后院的门推开。

倒装的语序也用在一些状语从句中，如让步从句，比较从句等。在这种情况下，倒装语序已具有了全新的含义，形成了固定的用法。因此，有关这方面的问题，我们将在主复合句部分逐一阐述。

II. 强调

II.1 用it引导的部分强调句

It is/was+被强调部分+that+句子的其余部分

例

My mother met Tom in the street yesterday.

我母亲昨天在街上遇见了汤姆。

我们可以把上面的句子改作如下的强调句：

被强调部分	被强调部分在句中的位置	对比中文的不同译法
主 语	It was my mother that met Tom in the street yesterday.	是我母亲昨天在街上遇见了汤姆。
宾 语	It was Tom that my mother met in the street yesterday.	我母亲昨天在街上遇见的是汤姆。
时间状语	It was yesterday that my mother met Tom in the street .	我母亲是昨天在街上遇见了汤姆。
地点状语	It was in the street that my mother met Tom yesterday.	昨天，我母亲是在街上遇见汤姆的。

  用这一强调句型时，要注意以下几点：

  这一句型可以用来强调句中除谓语之外的任何部分；

  不论强调句子的哪一部分，都可以用that连接句子的其余部分；

  被强调部分指人时，可用who取代that，指物时，有时可用which取代that;

  如果被强调部分指人，并且为后面句中的宾语时，也可用whom代替who;

  that, who等常常被省略掉，特别是在口语中，在强调直接宾语或间接宾语，时间或地点状语时；

  如果被强调的主语是人称代词时，可用主格，也可用宾格形式；

  被强调部分通常不能用不定代词，除非其后还有定语；

如果被强调部分在后面的句子中为定语时，要用whose引导后面的句子；

在强调介词宾语时，介词常置于who等之前(介词+whom)，但也可把介词放在其宾语之前，或放在句末；

如果强调的是主语时，that(who或which)之后的谓语的人称和数要与被强调的主语保持一致，但在口语的个别情况下，也可能遇到与it一致的现象。

例

   It’s me that has to give up.

   我不得不将他放弃。

   It之后的be的时态通常要与that之后的谓语呼应或一致；

   这一句型通常不能用来强调由since, as, why, although, whereas等引导的从句。

1. 强调主语或宾语

例

   It is he/him who is to blame.

   应该受责备的是他。

   It is I who/that am to blame.

   应该受责备的是我

   It is him who(m) I want to invite.

   我想邀请的是他。

   It was my car that/which was stolen.

   是我的车子被偷了。

   It was the price that/which frightened me.

   是那价格令我生畏。

2. 强调介词宾语

例

   It was Jack in whom she had her faith.

   = She had her faith in Jack.

   她信赖的是杰克。

   It’s you whom(=that) I’m concerned about.

   我关心的是你。

   It’s Thailand that my family are going to on holiday.

   我们家人要去度假的地方是泰国。

   It was Dick with whom he wanted to cooperate.

   他想合作的人士迪克。

3. 强调状语

例

   It was in that very place that the storekeeper sat down.   (强调地点状语)

   店主就做到了那个位置上。

   It is only when we cannot see perfectly that we realize how important our eyes are.        (强调时间状语从句)

   当我们可能不清楚的时候，我们才意识到我们眼睛的重要性。

   It was on May 15 that the meeting took place.  (强调时间状语)

   会议是在五月十五日召开的。

   It was vociferously that they argued.  (强调方式状语)

   他们大吵大嚷的争论着。

   It was because of her illness/because she was ill (that) we decided to return. (强调原因状语)

   正是因为他病了我们才决定回来的。

   It may not be until quite late in one academic year that the fees for next academic year become known.   (强调时间状语)

   要到一学年要结束的时候才能得知下一学期的收费标准。

4. 强调宾语补语或表语

例

   It’s light green that I pained the door.      (强调宾补)

   我把门漆成淡绿色的了。

   It was a doctor that she eventually became.  (强调表语)

   她最后当了医生。

5. 这种强调句型的否定式和疑问式

例

   It was not Olivia but her sister that I saw.    (否定式，强调宾语)

我看见的不是奥莉维亚，而是她的妹妹。

   It was not for several years that I had an opportunity of seeing him again.

(否定式，强调时间状语)

   (= I did not have an opportunity…for several years.)

   我有好几年没有机会在见到他。

   It was not until Wednesday that I phoned the office.  (否定式，强调时间状语)

   (= I did not phoned…until…)

   知道星期三我才给办公室打去电话。

   Was it you that before the window?           (一般疑问句)

   是你把窗子打破了吗？

   Where exactly was it that they lived?          (特殊疑问句)

   他们到底住在什么地方？

   What was it that made you so happy?          (特殊疑问句)

   使你这么高兴得到底是什么？

   What kind of work is it that you want?         (特殊疑问句)

   你想要哪种工作呢?

   It was Owen (that) said this, wasn’t it?         (反意疑问句)

   是欧文说的这事，不是吗？

   要注意It之后的be与that之后的谓语动词在时态上的呼应：

例

   It was on Sunday morning that all this happened.

   这一切都发生在星期天的上午。

   It was she who had been wrong.

   是她错了。

II.2 what引导的部分强调句

这种结构只用来强调句中的主语和宾语

例

  Mrs. Calder is proud of her son’s success.

  卡尔德夫人为他儿子的成功感到骄傲。

  What Mrs. Calder is proud of is her son’s success.      (强调介词宾语)

  卡尔德夫人引以为骄傲的是他儿子的成功。

  His bad manners made his mother sad.

  他的恶劣态度使她母亲伤心。

What made his mother sad was his bad manners.       (强调主语)

  使她母亲伤心的是他的恶劣态度。

II.3 用助动词do强调

⑴ 这种强调方式多用于强调说话者感受的执著，人知的确实，或者是强调两种情况的对比。此时，其前常伴有“but”。

例

   I do want to see him.

   I do remember it quite well.

   I do paint, but not very well.

   I know that you didn’t expect me to go, but I did go.

⑵ 这种强调方式也常用来表示期望中的事情真的发生了，愿望终于实现了。

例

   So I did see you! 我果然见到你了！

   Yet it (the earth) does move.  但是它（地球）真的在动。

⑶ do也常用在祈使句的句首，是邀请的语气更诚挚，友好，客气；或是是命令或要求的语气更为加强。

例

   Please do sit down.

   Do be quite!

   Do come!

   Do be careful!

II.4 其他一些常用的强调方法

1. 在句中增加一些能加强语气的词来达到强调目的。

如：surely, really, certainly, definitely, utter, sheer, such, so等

例

   Do you really mean that?

   She will surely succeed.

   I have had such a busy morning.

   I’m so sorry.

   The magazine was devoted entirely to brides. 这只是专供新娘阅读的。

2. 重复一些要特别强调的词，以此来加重其语气。

例

   I’m very very fond of you as a friend.

   作为一个朋友，我非常，非常喜欢你。

3. 在口语中，通常用加重被强调部分的读音方法，将其突出出来，在印刷品中，也可以用黑体字母，大写字母或斜体字母把这些要重读的部分表示出来。

例

   Mother made ME a new coat.

   母亲给我(而非其他人)做了一件新外衣。

   It’s YOUR task, Anna, to escort this officer to the frontier.

   安娜，你的任务是把这个军官护送到边境去。