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主谓一致

(2010-03-27 17:15:54)
标签:

教育

分类: 英语语法

主谓一致的具体应用
-s结尾的名称作主语的主谓一致

1.      疾病名称
以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语时,通常按单三来对待,谓语动词用单数形式。
arthritis(关节炎)diabetes(糖尿病)mumps(腮腺炎)rickets(软骨病)shingles(带状
疱疹)phlebitis(静脉炎)

Diabetes is a common disease  糖尿病是一种长见病。
Mumps is a kind of infectious disease  腮腺炎是一种传染病。
2.      游戏名称
以-s结尾的表示游戏名称的词作主语时,通常按单三来对待,谓语动词用单数形式。
checkers(跳棋)-美英   draughts(跳棋)-英英    darts(投镖游戏)dominoes(多米诺轂牌)skittles(九柱戏)=ninepins   marbles(打弹子)
但是,cards(纸牌、扑克)通常按复数对待
Darts is becoming very popular as a spectator sport作为一种能吸引观众的运动,投镖运动正日益风行起来。
Cards are allowed here  这儿允许玩纸牌。
Draughts is an easier game than chess  西洋跳棋是比国际象棋容易的一种游戏。
3.      学科名称
以-s结尾的表示学科名称的词作主语时,通常按单三来对待,谓语动词用单数形式。
   acoustics(声学)athletics(体育课)ballistics(弹道学)classics(古典文学)electronics(电子学)linguistics(语言学)plastics(整形外科)tactics(兵法学)economics(经济学)
   Mathematics has the same educational function as classics used to have.数学现在所起的教育作用和古典著作过去所起的作用是一样的。
   Economics is a vital subject  经济学是一门不可或缺的学科。
4.      地理名称
某些以-s结尾的地理名称,如果是国名,作主语时,通常按单三来对待,谓语动词用单数形式。the Netherlands(荷兰)the United States(美国)the United Nations(联合国)
When was the United Nations established?联合国是什么时候成立的?
The United States has a very violent history  美国的历史是一部充满暴力的历史。
但是,如果不是国家名,而是群岛、山脉等地理名称,按复数对待
The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant and animal life喜马拉雅山脉有各种不同种类的动植物。
5.      工具名称
有对应的两个部分合在一起构成的工具名称,按复数对待
compasses(圆规)glasses(眼镜)headphones(耳机)tweezers(镊子)scales(天平)shears(大剪刀)forceps(镊子)chopsticks(筷子)bellows(风箱)  clippers(尖嘴钳子)scissors(剪子)  tongs(夹具)castanets(响板)  spectacles(眼镜)
The scissors are dull这剪子很钝。
The spectacles are for reading这眼镜用来看书。
注:如果以-s结尾的表示由两个部分构成的工具、仪器、服装等名词,如果前面用了a pair of之类的单位词,谓语动词的数由pair的数决定。
Both pairs of scissors need sharpening两把剪刀都需要磨快
A pair of trousers is not enough一条裤子不够

以表示数量概念的名词词组做主语的主谓一致    
1.  “数词+复数可数名词”作主语时,如果这些名词表示、时间、距离、金额、重量、容量等当作总体看时,即它们所表示的是数量方面的一个整体概念,不指具体的单位数,其谓语用“单三”
Ten years is a long time  十年是漫长的岁月。
Five thousand pounds is a lot of money  五千英镑是一笔巨款
Two miles is as far as they can walk  他们最多能走两英里。
2.“不定数量词+0f+复数可数名词”做主语时,谓语动词按复数对待;“不定数量词+0f+不可数名词(或可数名词单数)”做主语时,谓语动词按单三对待。不定数量词就是源于不定代词的数量词。
A number of students were absent yesterday昨天许多学生缺席。
Nearly one half of the inhabitants are Chinese  近一半居民是中国人。
A part of the students admitted are workers招收的学生中一部分是工人。
   The rest of the lecture is dull  那次演讲的其余部分枯燥无味。
   The remainder of the feast has all been wasted  宴会的残羹剩饭都浪费了。
   The last of the bread is gone  最后的面包也没了。
   Loads of milk was given to them。给了他们许多牛奶
   Most of his writing is rubbish  他写的大部分都是废话。
   The majority of the criminals are non-violent  大多数罪犯是没诉诸暴力的。

主谓一致的三大原则
语法一致原则

主语是单数,谓语用单数形式;主语是复数,谓语用复数形式,这就是语法一致原则。
1.谓语动词用单数的形式
1)单数名词、单数代词、不可数名词及抽象概念做主语
   Knowledge is power  知识就是力量。
   There is much furniture in his house  他家里有很对家具。
   She is my aunt
2单个不定式、单个动名词或单个从句做主语
   To teach is to learn twice  教是再学习。
   Picking apples is hard work  摘苹果是间距工作。
   Whether he will come or not is uncertain  他来不来还不一定。
  注:what引导的从句做主语,即可按语法一致也可按概念一致原则来确定谓语的单复数。
What we need is more time  我们需要的是更多的时间。
What we need is /are more people  我们需要的是更多的人手。
3)表示数量的little和much做主语、
  Much of our food comes from plants  我们的许多食物来自植物
  The little I have is not worth giving  我有的那点不值得捐助
4)each  either  neither  none做主语
  Each of the fifty guests was given a present  给50位客人每人赠送一件礼物。
  If  either of my brothers wins the race,I will be happy  无论我的两个兄弟中哪个赢得这场比赛,我都会很高兴的。
  None has arrived yet    还没人来。
  注:“neither/either/none + of +复数名词或代词”做主语时,在正式文体中,谓语用单三(考试中多为正式文体);在非正式文体中,尤其是口语中,常用复数。
  Neither of them know the answer  他们俩谁都说不出答案(非正式)
  5)由some  any  no  every构成的复合代词也是不定代词做主语
  Someone wants to see you  有人想见你。
  Nothing of their plans was known to me他们的那些计划我一无所知。
  Anyone who wants to come is welcome  谁想来都欢迎。
  6)“every/each/no +单数名词”做主语
   Each bird loves to hear himself sing鸟爱听自己的鸣声,人欣赏自己的话语。(谚语)
   No man is born wise  人非生而知之。
  1即使有连接两个或多个这样的主语,谓语也还是用单数。
  No man and no animal is to be found in the island
  Each boy and each girl wishes to serve the people in the future
  2由于someone,somebody,anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,nobody的性别不明,用人称代词和物主代词等指代时,不好单用he或she,his或her,便用they,their指代。
  Someone has left their coats behind
  Everybody was enjoying themselves
  Nobo dy thought they would have to pay for their own tickets
  如果说话人心目中明确这些不定代词的性别,也可以用明确性别的物主或人称代词。
  I asked if anyone had lost his/her coat.
  7)“many a,more than one +单数名词”,以及“one and a half +复数名词”做主语
  Many a persons has had that kind of experience  许多人有过那种体验。
  More than one writer is interested in the story  不止一个作家对这个故事感兴趣。
  One and a half cakes has been eaten by the boy  一个半蛋糕被那男孩吃了。
  注:如果“more than+1以上的基数词+复数名词”做主语,谓语应用复数
More than 100 students have seen the film  

主谓一致的三大原则
语法一致原则

主语是单数,谓语用单数形式;主语是复数,谓语用复数形式,这就是语法一致原则。
1谓语动词用单数的情况
1)单数名词、单数代词、不可数名词及抽象概念做主语
   Knowledge is power  知识就是力量。
   There is much furniture in his house  他家里有很对家具。
   She is my aunt
2单个不定式、单个动名词或单个从句做主语
   To teach is to learn twice  教是再学习。
   Picking apples is hard work  摘苹果是间距工作。
   Whether he will come or not is uncertain  他来不来还不一定。
  注:what引导的从句做主语,即可按语法一致也可按概念一致原则来确定谓语的单复数。
What we need is more time  我们需要的是更多的时间。
What we need is /are more people  我们需要的是更多的人手。
3)表示数量的little和much做主语、
  Much of our food comes from plants  我们的许多食物来自植物
  The little I have is not worth giving  我有的那点不值得捐助
4)each  either  neither  none做主语
  Each of the fifty guests was given a present  给50位客人每人赠送一件礼物。
  If  either of my brothers wins the race,I will be happy  无论我的两个兄弟中哪个赢得这场比赛,我都会很高兴的。
  None has arrived yet    还没人来。
  注:“neither/either/none + of +复数名词或代词”做主语时,在正式文体中,谓语用单三(考试中多为正式文体);在非正式文体中,尤其是口语中,常用复数。
  Neither of them know the answer  他们俩谁都说不出答案(非正式)
  5)由some  any  no  every构成的复合代词也是不定代词做主语
  Someone wants to see you  有人想见你。
  Nothing of their plans was known to me他们的那些计划我一无所知。
  Anyone who wants to come is welcome  谁想来都欢迎。
  6)“every/each/no +单数名词”做主语
   Each bird loves to hear himself sing鸟爱听自己的鸣声,人欣赏自己的话语。(谚语)
   No man is born wise  人非生而知之。
  1即使有连接两个或多个这样的主语,谓语也还是用单数。
  No man and no animal is to be found in the island
  Each boy and each girl wishes to serve the people in the future
  2由于someone,somebody,anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,nobody的性别不明,用人称代词和物主代词等指代时,不好单用he或she,his或her,便用they,their指代。
  Someone has left their coats behind
  Everybody was enjoying themselves
  Nobo dy thought they would have to pay for their own tickets
  如果说话人心目中明确这些不定代词的性别,也可以用明确性别的物主或人称代词。
  I asked if anyone had lost his/her coat.
  7)“many a,more than one +单数名词”,以及“one and a half +复数名词”做主语
  Many a persons has had that kind of experience  许多人有过那种体验。
  More than one writer is interested in the story  不止一个作家对这个故事感兴趣。
  One and a half cakes has been eaten by the boy  一个半蛋糕被那男孩吃了。
  注:如果“more than+1以上的基数词+复数名词”做主语,谓语应用复数
More than 100 students have seen the film  
2.谓语动词用复数的情况
1)复数名词和复数代词做主语时
  Both of them are students  他们俩都是学生
  注:做主语的复数名词前有no时,仍按复数对待
  No doctors were present  没有医生在场。
2)由and连接两个或两个以上普通单数名词、不可数名词、非谓语动词或从句做主语时
  To teach and to learn are both important  教和学都很重要。
  Fire and water do not agree水火不相容。
  He and I were astonished    他和我都很震惊
  Both bread and butter were sold out in that grocery那个杂货店的面包和奶油都卖完了。
3)不定代词many  few  做主语时
  Few are to enjoy the music  几乎没人会享受这音乐。
  There are so many that I can’t choose  多得我没法选择。
概念一致原则
  句子的谓语动词与主语的一致,是根据实际概念,而不是根据语法形式,称作“概念一致”原则。
1.集体名词“family  company   class   crowd  enemy   group   team   organization   public   population   majotity   school   army   couple   city   board   nation   party   pair”等做主语时,若从整体考虑,谓语按单数对待;若从各个成员考虑,谓语按复数对待。
My family is a big one  我家是个大家庭。
My family are having lunch now我家人现在正在吃午饭。
What is the population of China?中国的人口是多少?
One third of the population here are workers  这里三分之一的人口是工人。
The majority decides it  这由多数人决定。
The majority of them have no opinion at all  他们大多数人全没主张。
注:这类名词前如果有了whole修饰时,往往表整体,按单数对待。
The whole family is listening to the radio now  全家人正在听收音机。
2. enough  the rest   half   a lot   plenty   kind/sort/type   the last   part   three fourths   30percent等数量词做主语,代替单数名词或不可数名词时,按单数对待;代替复数名词,按复数对待。
  There is a lot of milk. There is enough for 10 people  有很多牛奶,够10个人喝。
  The rest(=the remaining part)needs no telling  其余不用说了。
  Three of us will go;the rest(=the others)are staying at home  我们中三个人将去,其余人呆在家里。
3.算术式做主语时,主要按单数对待。减法和除法通常按单数对待;加法和乘法也可以按复数对待。
   Two and two is/are four   2加2得4
   Three taken from eight leaves five  8减3得5
   Seven multilpied by 8 is 56  7乘8得56
注:对加减乘除的得数提问时,用how much时按单数对待;用how many时按复数对待。
   How much is eight divided by two?8除以2得几?
   How many are two multiplied by five?2乘5得几?
4.主语由and连接,但指的是单个人或物,或当作整体看时,按单数对待。
   Fish and chips is a popular supper  炸鱼薯条是一种很受欢迎的晚餐。
   Care and patience is needed  需要细致和耐心。
   That poet and writer has come  那位诗人兼作家来了。
   The fourth and last paragraph is too difficult for me  第四也就是最后一段对我来说太难了。
1.      “one of +先行词+定语从句”结构中,先行词是该复数名词,从句谓语按复数对待;若果one前有the时,先行词为the one,从句谓语按单数对待。
He is not one of those who bow before difficulties  他不是那种向困难低头的人。
He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school  他是我们学校唯一懂法语的老师。
2.      复数词表国家名或书刊名时,谓语动词按单三对待。
Rootsis a world-famous novel《根》是一部世界著名的小说。
The United States covers a large part of the North American continent美国占有北美洲的大部分地区。
就近一致原则
  句中不止一个主语,而谓语动词只和最靠近它的主语保持一致,称作就近原则。
1.主语由or  erther…or…    neither…or…    not only…but also…    not…but…  连接时。
  Tom or his brothers have designed the machine  汤姆或是他的兄弟们设计了这台发动机。
  Either you or he is wrong  不是你错就是他错。
  Neither the cat nor the dogs have been fed  这只猫和那些狗都没喂。
  Not only the students but also their teacher likes playing football不但学生们喜欢踢足球,他们的老师也喜欢。
  Not you,but I am to blame  不是你,而是我该收责备。
1:在下列疑问句中谓语动词依然用就近原则
  Are you or he wrong
2:随着语言的发展,neither…nor…结构用作主语时,谓语动词用复数也已公认是正确的
  Neither she nor I was/were fortunate enough to gain extra points
但考试系统依然遵照就近原则
2.在由here或there引起的句子中
There is a table and some chairs in the room  房间了有一张桌子和几把椅子。
Here are plenty of pictures and a weather report in the newspaper报纸上有大量的图片和一分天气报告。

 

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