主谓一致的具体应用
Ⅰ以-s结尾的名称作主语的主谓一致
1. 疾病名称
以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语时,通常按单三来对待,谓语动词用单数形式。
arthritis(关节炎)diabetes(糖尿病)mumps(腮腺炎)rickets(软骨病)shingles(带状
疱疹)phlebitis(静脉炎)
Diabetes is a common
disease 糖尿病是一种长见病。
Mumps is a kind of infectious
disease 腮腺炎是一种传染病。
2. 游戏名称
以-s结尾的表示游戏名称的词作主语时,通常按单三来对待,谓语动词用单数形式。
checkers(跳棋)-美英
draughts(跳棋)-英英 darts(投镖游戏)dominoes(多米诺轂牌)skittles(九柱戏)=ninepins
marbles(打弹子)
但是,cards(纸牌、扑克)通常按复数对待
Darts is becoming very popular as a
spectator sport作为一种能吸引观众的运动,投镖运动正日益风行起来。
Cards are allowed
here 这儿允许玩纸牌。
Draughts is an easier game than
chess 西洋跳棋是比国际象棋容易的一种游戏。
3. 学科名称
以-s结尾的表示学科名称的词作主语时,通常按单三来对待,谓语动词用单数形式。
acoustics(声学)athletics(体育课)ballistics(弹道学)classics(古典文学)electronics(电子学)linguistics(语言学)plastics(整形外科)tactics(兵法学)economics(经济学)
Mathematics has the same
educational function as classics used to
have.数学现在所起的教育作用和古典著作过去所起的作用是一样的。
Economics is a vital
subject 经济学是一门不可或缺的学科。
4. 地理名称
某些以-s结尾的地理名称,如果是国名,作主语时,通常按单三来对待,谓语动词用单数形式。the
Netherlands(荷兰)the United States(美国)the United
Nations(联合国)
When was the United Nations established?联合国是什么时候成立的?
The United States has a very violent
history 美国的历史是一部充满暴力的历史。
但是,如果不是国家名,而是群岛、山脉等地理名称,按复数对待
The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of
plant and animal life喜马拉雅山脉有各种不同种类的动植物。
5. 工具名称
有对应的两个部分合在一起构成的工具名称,按复数对待
compasses(圆规)glasses(眼镜)headphones(耳机)tweezers(镊子)scales(天平)shears(大剪刀)forceps(镊子)chopsticks(筷子)bellows(风箱) clippers(尖嘴钳子)scissors(剪子) tongs(夹具)castanets(响板) spectacles(眼镜)
The scissors are dull这剪子很钝。
The spectacles are for reading这眼镜用来看书。
注:如果以-s结尾的表示由两个部分构成的工具、仪器、服装等名词,如果前面用了a
pair
of之类的单位词,谓语动词的数由pair的数决定。
Both pairs of scissors need
sharpening两把剪刀都需要磨快
A pair of trousers is not enough一条裤子不够
Ⅱ以表示数量概念的名词词组做主语的主谓一致
1. 当“数词+复数可数名词”作主语时,如果这些名词表示、时间、距离、金额、重量、容量等当作总体看时,即它们所表示的是数量方面的一个整体概念,不指具体的单位数,其谓语用“单三”
Ten years is a long
time 十年是漫长的岁月。
Five thousand pounds is a lot of
money 五千英镑是一笔巨款
Two miles is as far as they can
walk 他们最多能走两英里。
2.“不定数量词+0f+复数可数名词”做主语时,谓语动词按复数对待;“不定数量词+0f+不可数名词(或可数名词单数)”做主语时,谓语动词按单三对待。不定数量词就是源于不定代词的数量词。
A number of students were absent
yesterday昨天许多学生缺席。
Nearly one half of the inhabitants are
Chinese 近一半居民是中国人。
A part of the students admitted are
workers招收的学生中一部分是工人。
The rest of the lecture is
dull 那次演讲的其余部分枯燥无味。
The remainder of the feast has
all been
wasted 宴会的残羹剩饭都浪费了。
The last of the bread is
gone 最后的面包也没了。
Loads of milk was given to
them。给了他们许多牛奶
Most of his writing is
rubbish 他写的大部分都是废话。
The majority of the criminals
are
non-violent 大多数罪犯是没诉诸暴力的。
主谓一致的三大原则
Ⅰ语法一致原则
主语是单数,谓语用单数形式;主语是复数,谓语用复数形式,这就是语法一致原则。
1.谓语动词用单数的形式
1)单数名词、单数代词、不可数名词及抽象概念做主语
Knowledge is
power 知识就是力量。
There is much furniture in his
house 他家里有很对家具。
She is my aunt
2)单个不定式、单个动名词或单个从句做主语
To teach is to learn
twice 教是再学习。
Picking apples is hard
work 摘苹果是间距工作。
Whether he will come or not is
uncertain 他来不来还不一定。
注:what引导的从句做主语,即可按语法一致也可按概念一致原则来确定谓语的单复数。
What we need is more
time 我们需要的是更多的时间。
What we need is /are more
people 我们需要的是更多的人手。
3)表示数量的little和much做主语、
Much of our food comes from
plants 我们的许多食物来自植物
The little I have is not worth
giving 我有的那点不值得捐助
4)each either neither none做主语
Each of the fifty guests was
given a
present 给50位客人每人赠送一件礼物。
If either
of my brothers wins the race,I will be
happy 无论我的两个兄弟中哪个赢得这场比赛,我都会很高兴的。
None has arrived
yet 还没人来。
注:“neither/either/none
+ of
+复数名词或代词”做主语时,在正式文体中,谓语用单三(考试中多为正式文体);在非正式文体中,尤其是口语中,常用复数。
Neither of
them know the
answer 他们俩谁都说不出答案(非正式)
5)由some any no every构成的复合代词也是不定代词做主语
Someone wants to see
you 有人想见你。
Nothing of their plans was
known to me他们的那些计划我一无所知。
Anyone who wants to come is
welcome 谁想来都欢迎。
6)“every/each/no
+单数名词”做主语
Each bird loves to hear
himself sing鸟爱听自己的鸣声,人欣赏自己的话语。(谚语)
No man is born
wise 人非生而知之。
注1:即使有连接两个或多个这样的主语,谓语也还是用单数。
No man and no animal is to be
found in the island
Each boy and each girl wishes
to serve the people in the future
注2:由于someone,somebody,anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,nobody的性别不明,用人称代词和物主代词等指代时,不好单用he或she,his或her,便用they,their指代。
Someone has left their coats
behind
Everybody was enjoying
themselves
Nobo dy thought they would have
to pay for their own tickets
如果说话人心目中明确这些不定代词的性别,也可以用明确性别的物主或人称代词。
I asked if anyone had lost
his/her coat.
7)“many a,more
than one +单数名词”,以及“one and a half +复数名词”做主语
Many a persons has had that
kind of
experience 许多人有过那种体验。
More than one writer is
interested in the
story 不止一个作家对这个故事感兴趣。
One and a half cakes has been
eaten by the
boy 一个半蛋糕被那男孩吃了。
注:如果“more
than+1以上的基数词+复数名词”做主语,谓语应用复数
More than 100 students have seen the
film
主谓一致的三大原则
Ⅰ语法一致原则
主语是单数,谓语用单数形式;主语是复数,谓语用复数形式,这就是语法一致原则。
1谓语动词用单数的情况
1)单数名词、单数代词、不可数名词及抽象概念做主语
Knowledge is
power 知识就是力量。
There is much furniture in his
house 他家里有很对家具。
She is my aunt
2)单个不定式、单个动名词或单个从句做主语
To teach is to learn
twice 教是再学习。
Picking apples is hard
work 摘苹果是间距工作。
Whether he will come or not is
uncertain 他来不来还不一定。
注:what引导的从句做主语,即可按语法一致也可按概念一致原则来确定谓语的单复数。
What we need is more
time 我们需要的是更多的时间。
What we need is /are more
people 我们需要的是更多的人手。
3)表示数量的little和much做主语、
Much of our food comes from
plants 我们的许多食物来自植物
The little I have is not worth
giving 我有的那点不值得捐助
4)each either neither none做主语
Each of the fifty guests was
given a
present 给50位客人每人赠送一件礼物。
If either
of my brothers wins the race,I will be
happy 无论我的两个兄弟中哪个赢得这场比赛,我都会很高兴的。
None has arrived
yet 还没人来。
注:“neither/either/none
+ of
+复数名词或代词”做主语时,在正式文体中,谓语用单三(考试中多为正式文体);在非正式文体中,尤其是口语中,常用复数。
Neither of
them know the
answer 他们俩谁都说不出答案(非正式)
5)由some any no every构成的复合代词也是不定代词做主语
Someone wants to see
you 有人想见你。
Nothing of their plans was
known to me他们的那些计划我一无所知。
Anyone who wants to come is
welcome 谁想来都欢迎。
6)“every/each/no
+单数名词”做主语
Each bird loves to hear
himself sing鸟爱听自己的鸣声,人欣赏自己的话语。(谚语)
No man is born
wise 人非生而知之。
注1:即使有连接两个或多个这样的主语,谓语也还是用单数。
No man and no animal is to be
found in the island
Each boy and each girl wishes
to serve the people in the future
注2:由于someone,somebody,anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,nobody的性别不明,用人称代词和物主代词等指代时,不好单用he或she,his或her,便用they,their指代。
Someone has left their coats
behind
Everybody was enjoying
themselves
Nobo dy thought they would have
to pay for their own tickets
如果说话人心目中明确这些不定代词的性别,也可以用明确性别的物主或人称代词。
I asked if anyone had lost
his/her coat.
7)“many a,more
than one +单数名词”,以及“one and a half +复数名词”做主语
Many a persons has had that
kind of
experience 许多人有过那种体验。
More than one writer is
interested in the
story 不止一个作家对这个故事感兴趣。
One and a half cakes has been
eaten by the
boy 一个半蛋糕被那男孩吃了。
注:如果“more
than+1以上的基数词+复数名词”做主语,谓语应用复数
More than 100 students have seen the
film
2.谓语动词用复数的情况
1)复数名词和复数代词做主语时
Both of them are
students 他们俩都是学生
注:做主语的复数名词前有no时,仍按复数对待
No doctors were
present 没有医生在场。
2)由and连接两个或两个以上普通单数名词、不可数名词、非谓语动词或从句做主语时
To teach and to learn are both
important 教和学都很重要。
Fire and water do not
agree水火不相容。
He and I were
astonished 他和我都很震惊
Both bread and butter were sold
out in that grocery那个杂货店的面包和奶油都卖完了。
3)不定代词many few 做主语时
Few are to enjoy the
music 几乎没人会享受这音乐。
There are so many that I can’t
choose 多得我没法选择。
Ⅱ概念一致原则
句子的谓语动词与主语的一致,是根据实际概念,而不是根据语法形式,称作“概念一致”原则。
1.集体名词“family company
class
crowd enemy
group
team
organization
public
population
majotity
school
army
couple
city
board
nation
party
pair”等做主语时,若从整体考虑,谓语按单数对待;若从各个成员考虑,谓语按复数对待。
My family is a big
one 我家是个大家庭。
My family are having lunch now我家人现在正在吃午饭。
What is the population of China?中国的人口是多少?
One third of the population here are
workers 这里三分之一的人口是工人。
The majority decides
it 这由多数人决定。
The majority of them have no opinion at
all 他们大多数人全没主张。
注:这类名词前如果有了whole修饰时,往往表整体,按单数对待。
The whole family is listening to the radio
now 全家人正在听收音机。
2. enough the
rest
half a
lot
plenty
kind/sort/type the
last
part three
fourths
30percent等数量词做主语,代替单数名词或不可数名词时,按单数对待;代替复数名词,按复数对待。
There is a lot of milk. There
is enough for 10
people 有很多牛奶,够10个人喝。
The rest(=the remaining
part)needs no
telling 其余不用说了。
Three of us will go;the
rest(=the others)are staying at
home 我们中三个人将去,其余人呆在家里。
3.算术式做主语时,主要按单数对待。减法和除法通常按单数对待;加法和乘法也可以按复数对待。
Two and two is/are
four
2加2得4。
Three taken from eight leaves
five