do the honors[4], honor (v.)[5], honor (n.), in honor of, on one’s
honor[6]
1.
This text is clear and concise but it contains too
many scientific terms.
2.
Being Chairman of our English Department, you will
do the honors at the reception, in other words, you have to
make sure that the guests enjoy themselves.
3.
I wonder whether they have already been on
speaking terms after the bitter quarrel.
4.
The American people dedicated the Washington
Monument in honor of/ to honor George Washington.
5.
I know Jim quite well and we have been on the
best of terms.
6.
We celebrate International Women’s Day in honor
of all the working women in China.
7.
The students in our department were not supervised
during the examination because they were on their honor not
to cheat.
8.
We are glad to tell you that under the
terms of the will, you can occupy the house and garden for
ten years.
9.
David’s account was overdrawn by one thousand
dollars, so the bank refused to honor any of his
cheques.
10.
We all hope to pass the English
proficiency test with honors[8].
11.
“The purchase will be financed with a
short-term mortgage”, the estate agent informed
us.
12.
I must say the old woman referred to
you in her letter in the most flattering terms.
13.
I will never forgive Frank for his
accusation as I regard it as a stain on my honor.
14.
I put all the students in my class
on their honor not to smoke and not to use electric hot
plates in the dormitory.
15.
She was not happy for all her success
in the Olympic Games. Perhaps she wants something more than just
her own personal honor and glory.
1. sensation: applicable to an impression
originating either from within or from outside the body and
conveyed to the nervous system by the organs of seeing, hearing,
touching, tasting or smelling. In general usage, the meaning of
sensation is extended to include not only sensing but also the
attendant (伴随的) emotional and
mental responses:
to have a sensation that everyone in the room is staring at
you;
a recollection that brought a sensation of sadness.
2. sense: refers strictly to the physical agencies
(taste, touch, sight, hearing and smell) by or through which a
person or animal receives impressions from outside his own
organism. In the plural it is applicable to the total awareness of
the world about one:
After the accident he came to his senses in a hospital
bed.
Whatever one experiences through the senses is a
sensation.
3. feeling: is sometimes used loosely in place of
sense and sensation. More precisely, feeling applies to the faculty
(官能；功能) by which one perceives sensations
of pain, pressure, heat and cold, contact, etc. It may refer also
to kinaesthesia (肌肉的运动感觉) --- the perception of muscular
movement,
tension or tone (活力；弹性) derived from the functioning of
nerves connected with muscle tissue, skin, joints and
tendons:
After his spinal injury, he had no feeling in his
legs.
4. sensible: puts less emphasis on intelligence
than on common sense; it suggests an attitude that is prudent
(审慎的), calmly controlled, considerate,
understanding and aware of consequences by virtue of
(借助) distilled (积累的) experience:
the few sensible men who refused to indulge in the foolish fads
(时尚) of the day;
a sensible approach to a controversial subject;
the plain, sensible people who are the backbone of the
nation.
5. reasonable: is similar to sensible in
emphasizing the value of distilled experience; but its connotations
are slightly different in suggesting an approach or situation that
is fair, just, objective or unemotional in its avoidance of
extremes:
a reasonable price;
reasonable neighbors who did not object to the occasional parties
he held;
asking his son to be reasonable about his demands for the family
car.
6. rational: is emphatic about the value of reason
as a guide; this contrasts with the stress on experience implied by
the previous words. Most specifically, it points to a
problem-solving process of thinking that employs valid or logical
methods in reaching conclusions:
a rational explanation for the enigmatic
(神秘的) events surrounding the
catastrophe.
Rational may also indicate a coherent mind, one
that is not mentally unbalanced or at the mercy of overpowering
emotions:
becoming more rational as the tranquillizer took
effect;
psychiatrists who debated if the accused man was rational enough to
stand trial.
7. sane: is commonly used in both ordinary speech
and legal terminology to refer to someone who is not psychotic
(精神错乱的):
declared to have been sane at the time of the
murders.
Sane also has a use akin to reasonable in
referring to a fair, just or sensible approach:
sane legislation to deal with an increasingly urgent
problem;
sane attitudes towards disciplining their children.
1.
The psychiatrists declared that the murderer had
been sane at the time of murder.
2.
We might as well buy the celery as the price is
reasonable.
3.
Betty asked her son to be reasonable about
his demands for the family car.
4.
We will do the best we can to train the younger
generation because only the young, plain, sensible people
are the backbone if our nation.
5.
The Wangs have taken sensible/sane attitude
towards disciplining their children.
6.
The mental patient became more rational as
the tranquilizer had taken effect.
7.
We are proud that you have adopted a
sensible approach to this controversial subject.
8.
After the accident when he came to his
senses, in a hospital bed, he asked about the safety of his
colleagues.
9.
When I entered the room, the
feeling/sensation that everyone in the room was staring at
me made me ill at ease.
10.
Unfortunately, after her spinal
injury, the old woman had no more feeling in her
legs.
scatter: throw (usually many small things) here
and there; send or drive, usually quickly, in different directions;
(of things or persons) go, usually quickly, in different
directions
散播;
驱散；散去
The wind scattered the pieces of paper.
The soldiers scattered the people.
The people scattered when the soldiers came.
scattered: sporadic
零星的;
稀稀拉拉的
litter: cover or make untidy with litter
乱丢（废物）；使凌乱
Old paper littered the room.
Stop littering the place with those old papers!
strew: (especially literary or poetic) lie
scattered on or over:
Flowers strewed the path.
straggle: move or spread untidily, without ordered
shape
散落；散乱（或零星）地出现（或发生、到达、离开）：
The houses straggled down the hillside.
房屋散布山坡上。
The villagers straggled in threes and fours.
村民们三五成群地走了进来。
1.
Susan may be a famous actress now but her career
path has been strewn with frustrations, failures and
disappointments.
1.
With one bound the cat scattered the flock
of pigeons.
2.
We passed the straggling/ scattered village
houses and were soon out on the open road again.
3.
When the police charged, the angry mob
scattered in all directions.
4.
After the final assault the battlefield was left
strewn with the dead bodies of the Indians.
5.
Only after seven o’clock did the villagers
straggle into the hall in twos and threes.
6.
Just as Italy is strewn thick with the
remains of Roman buildings, Beijing is a city full of ancient
relics.
7.
Judging from the scattered applause from
the audience, we knew the premiere was not a success.
8.
When the performance was over, the clean-up crew
found the auditorium littered with candy wrappers, orange
peel, and bits of paper.
9.
According to the regulations that went into effect
last month, anyone who is caught littering the highways and
public places is subject to a large fine.
old: may indicate strictly chronological age, referring to
the latter part of life. But it may also focus on the negative
qualities associated with old age, as loss of health, strength or
motivating force:
She was old at 40, but he still has his youthful spirit at
75.
elderly: more favorable than old and aged. It is a polite
term, often connoting the dignity rather than the weight of
years:
their elderly parents
An elderly person has passed middle age but is generally
regarded as younger than an old person, both in age and in
vigor:
a resort hotel catering for elderly couples;
an elderly gentleman, silver-haired, and a twinkle in his
eye
an elderly man
aged: often indicates a longer life-span than old, applying
to persons of very advanced years; it is more formal than old as
well as more limited in application. Specifically, it often points
to changes wrought by ageing, suggesting a definite physical
decline, though not necessarily implying disability:
an aged man advancing slowly, with the aid of a cane;
an aged crone.
In a social context, the designation “home for the aged”
has largely replaced the plain (or blunt) term “old people’s home”;
the former may be preferred because it more easily suggests
debilitation that might demand institutional care.
1.
Though Mrs. Smith appeared old at
forty-five, now, at seventy, she is still young at
heart.
2.
King Arthur lived in olden times of knights
and armour.
3.
The speaker turned out to be his elderly
father who, though at the age of sixty, was silver-haired with a
twinkle in his eyes.
4.
In the olden days there lived in the region
an old lady whose pleasure and intention was that she should
shoot a tiger.
5.
She is as old as those elderly dames
in the home for the aged but her mind is as keen and clear
as ever.
achieve: achieve and attain can both emphasize the
reaching of an intended goal, usually through sustained
(持久的) effort. But
achieve can indicate the working out of a set of standard
procedures, whereas attain more often applies to a goal towards
which someone has aspired (追求) without being
sure in advance that he would be successful:
a series of experiments that achieved their
purpose;
They attained a decisive victory in the hard-fought
battle.
When these words apply to the acquiring of a
possibly unexpected distinction, their implications are different.
In this case, achieve may indicate a
deserved success, won because of merit or effort, whereas attain is
open to other implications:
a searching book that achieved an awakening of the nation’s
conscience to the problems of conservation;
a trivial play that attained a successful run.
In the phrase attain to, the word can mean reach a
desired state or condition:
attain to knowledge
获得知识
acquire: points to a
piecemeal零碎的
process of possession that is continuous and often
slow.
gain: indicates great effort in the seeking
process; it can indicate forceful seizure, as in the military
sense:
gain the victory after a bloody battle.
The word can also suggest an increase in something
already possessed, or a piece-by-piece process of obtaining
something:
gain additional honors with each new book he
published.
The word can also mean making profit:
Everyone would gain from it.
每个人都能从中得到好处。
procure: implies maneuvering to
possess something, suggesting involved, contrived or even
shady (见不得人的) dealings. Thus the word’s tone ranges from neutrality to
disapproval:
procure favors through those closest to influential
people.
Most specifically, the word can pertain to the act
of pimping (为…拉客), that is,
obtaining women to gratify the lust of others:
a man who procured prostitutes for sailors in waterfront
bars.
1.
We have achieved the goal of turning
Haikou, once a small backward port city, into one of the showcases
of our country and a hot spot for investment.
2.
After much bargaining and haggling, they
reached an agreement.
3.
He gained a seat in parliament in spite of
the marked falling off of support for the Party.
4.
The rapid expansion of their factory has been
achieved by a bare handful of people.
5.
After living in Shanghai for one year, these
foreign students acquired the habit of eating with
chopsticks.
6.
Bicycles of this kind have been out of stock for a
long time so it is difficult to procure them.
7.
Mooney was repeatedly cited for his level of
performance because of his acquired skill in making
pastry.
8.
At a minimum our negotiators hoped to reach
an agreement in principle with details to be worked out
later.
9.
He can always procure us some rare
books.
10.
If such is the case, these pop
singers can hardly succeed in making themselves popular
among the workers.
11.
Unfortunately some people accept
office merely to gain/attain/ acquire personal
power.
12.
Almost all economists agree that
nations gain by trading with one another.
13.
Located in New York City, Greenwich
Village has acquired a good reputation owing to its
population of artists and free thinkers.
14.
After years of painstaking effort,
Morgan attained to a profound knowledge of
volcanology.
tusk: a very large long pointed tooth, usually one
of a pair coming out from the closed mouth of certain animals
(动物的)
长牙；獠牙
The elephant had very large tusks.
fang: one of two teeth in a snake along which its
poison passes; a long sharp tooth, especially of dogs and
wolves
毒蛇的毒牙；(狼、狗等的)
尖牙
The wolf showed its fangs in a vicious
snarl.
狼凶恶地咆哮起来，露出了尖利的牙齿。
1.
Tom says that he has a sweet
tooth.
2.
The snake slowly reared its head and, opening the
mouth, bared the fang carrying the deadly poison.
3.
There was a time when ivory hunters killed
elephants en masse for the sake of their tusks.
4.
The girls fought tooth and nail against the
bully who tried to snatch her favorite book.
5.
The museum has a fine collection of carvings made
on walrus海象
tusks.
6.
When a child is cutting its teeth, he needs
some food containing calcium.
7.
Judging by the wound on the boy’s arm, we can say
he was bitten by fangs of a wolf.
gnash: to bite one’s teeth as a result of rage,
pain or anguish is to gnash:
Their eviction was marked by much weeping and wailing and
gnashing of teeth.
chew: move and crush something in the mouth with
the teeth
嚼碎
Always chew well before swallowing.
咽下食物之前要细细咀嚼。
devour: suggest total consumption of something or
the rapidity with which it is eaten
狼吞虎咽地吃光；吞食
The word can have metaphoric
use:
She devoured her French lessons so that she would be proficient by
the time of her first trip abroad.
gulp (down): swallow hastily; the
word can be both a verb and a noun
狼吞虎咽地吃；吞食
gulp down one’s dinner
三口两口吃完饭
gulp down the whiskey
把威士忌一饮而尽
nibble: to bite gently, with small
movements of the mouth (一点一点地)
咬，细咬
The rabbit nibbled the leaves.
兔子小口小口地咬叶子。
munch (at): to chew with strong
movements of the mouth, especially making a noise
用力地咀嚼，猛嚼
The cattle munched (up) their
food.
牛使劲地嚼着饲料。
1.
In greater anger, he slammed the door with a
gnash of his teeth.
2.
As Norman was hungry, he devoured greedily
some ginger biscuits and chocolate.
3.
Mother coaxed my little brother to chew the
food thoroughly before swallowing it.
4.
Tom Sawyer bit off a large piece of the
apple before the other children to make their mouths
water.
5.
When they were evicted for not paying the rent,
they wept, wailed and gnashed their teeth.
6.
When the captain heard that 26 passengers of the
sinking ship were devoured by the shark, he gnashed his
teeth in extreme agony.
7.
“What you need is more exercise rather than
gulping down large doses of vitamins after each meal,” the
doctor said to the old lady.
8.
Fred has the habit of munching at peanuts
as he is watching TV.
9.
In the rat-infested kitchen, we can hear the rats
nibbling nuts in the dead of night.
10.
Susan was astonished to see that the man gave a
couple of gulps and the whole chicken on the plate was gone,
bone and all.
11.
Have you heard of the saying “One bitten,
twice shy”?
12.
What a contrast Mary and Bob’s manner of eating
is! Mary is just nibbling at her supper while Bob is
gulping down his food.
13.
After walking in the scorching sun for hours, I
was so thirsty that I gulped down the whole glass of beer
when I reached home.
14.
The baby was badly bitten by the mosquitoes
in that damp cellar.
15.
Before the dozing mother cat stirred, her kittens
had already devoured the whole plate of fish Nancy prepared
for them.
16.
I wondered why some girls are eager to
devour every book that the well-known authoress
wrote.
17.
Francis Bacon taught us: “Some books are to be
tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed
and digested.”
18.
Oliver Twist, like the other hungry children,
gulped the tasteless porridge ladled out to him.
19.
Devoured by mingled nervousness and curiosity, he sat, wondering how
to set about establishing human contact.
20.
When David had a difficult problem to solve, he
would bite his nails.
varied: ① of different kinds; ② not staying the
same; changing
各种不同的；各式各样的;
多变的；有变化的
E.g.: ① Different people have the most varied
ideas about what is important in life; some value fame, others
money or freedom.
②
He leads / has a varied life.
他过着一种多样化的生活。
Going through Britain by car you see the
most varied country; the scenes change every hour.
在英国公路上开汽车游览，你能见到千姿百态的风光；那景色时时都在变化。
various: ① different from each other; of (many)
different kinds; ② several; a number of
the word denotes a wide representation of
differing things, whether actually grouped together or looked at in
isolation
各不相同的；各种各样的 (强调数目之多和种类之各式各样)；几个的；许多的；不少的
E.g.: ① Of all the various ways of cooking an
egg, I like boiling best.
在鸡蛋的种种吃法中，我最喜欢煮鸡蛋。
When he left university, he found it hard to choose between the
various offers of work that were made to him.
他在大学毕业时，面对各种各样的工作机会，他感到花多眼乱，难以作出选择。
His abilities were very great and very various.
他很能干，而且多才多艺。
Your reasons for not wanting to meet Smith may be many and various,
but you must still meet him.
你不肯见史密斯的理由纵有千条万条，但你还是必须去见他。
various trees dotting the landscape
various sorts of people out for an afternoon walk
② I have various letters to write.
我有好多信要写。
Various people among those present thought
they’d heard the aircraft.
在场的不少人都认为听到了飞机声。
1.
As it was possible now to import food from distant
countries, people today have a more varied diet than their
ancestors.
2.
Of the various purposes which money serves,
some essentially depend upon the assumption that its real value is
really constant over a period of time.
3.
The robber who is known to the police under
various names has been put under arrest.
4.
The third-year students have varied
opinions about what it the most important thing in life.
5.
Of all the various ways of cooking the
beef, I like roast beef best.
6.
His varied life and various
achievements as a scientist impressed me greatly.
7.
Your excuses for not studying during the holidays
may be many and various but I still have to keep you
busy.
8.
With the arrival of National Day and the streets
decorated with varied bunting and balloons, the whole city
was immersed in a holiday atmosphere.
reason (n. & v.): the power to
think, understand, and form opinion
思考能力；理解力
E.g.: People are different from animals because
they possess reason.
人与动物的区别在于人具有思考能力。
The word can mean “a sound mind that is not mad”
or “good sense”
理性；理智；道理；情理；明智
E.g.: lose one’s reason
失去理性
There is a lot of reason in his advice.
他的忠告非常有道理。
Why don’t you listen to reason?
你为什么不听道理？
The verb reason is to use one’s reason, to argue,
to give an opinion based on reason, or to persuade
推理；进行思维；辩论；推论；说服：
E.g.: She can reason very quickly.
她思路很清楚。
Try to reason him out of that idea / into going away
quickly.
设法说服他放弃那个想法 /
立即离去。
reasoning: the use of one’s reason
推论；推理：
E.g.: He shows great powers of
reasoning.
他表现出很强的推理能力。
Your reasoning
in the matter was quite correct.
在这件事上你的推论是很正确的。
1.
We should not base our opinions on emotion but on
reason.
2.
I always think that the study of mathematics
exercises the reason and so improves reasoning about
politics and other matters.
3.
He could not follow my reasoning in the
argument and he could not imagine what reason I could have
had for winning them over.
4.
In bringing up the children, it is advisable to
rely on reason instead of scolding and beating.
5.
The old man had gone out of his mind and would not
listen to reason when he sent to the hospital.
6.
They have drawn the conclusion that the Neolithic
man may have had much more intelligence than has been supposed in
the past based on reasoning from facts.
keep: have as one’s own and not give away;
continue to be in a stated position
保持；保留；保存;
继续处于特定状态
detain: keep someone from leaving during a certain
time
拘押
retain: keep possession of; avoid losing
保持；留住；避免失去
E.g.: He retained all his hair until he was
90.
他直到 90岁，头发还一根没掉。
maintain: keep in good condition or in operation;
continue to keep, usually unchanged
维持 (良好状态)；保持；维修；保养；维护；保持
E.g.: The two countries have maintained
friendly relations for many years.
两国多年来一直保持友好关系。
1.
Since he was not in London when the
first murder took place, I find no reason to detain him now
as he has something urgent to do in Paris.
2.
During the football match, the crowd
was so disorderly that the police found it impossible to keep/
maintain order.
3.
Unfortunately the baby fell into the
river as there were no straps in the yacht to keep him in
his place.
4.
Most Chinese people keep/ retain/
maintain the custom of calling on friends and relatives at the
Spring Festival.
1.
Travel can be a good complement to
one’s education because it broadens one’s vision.
2.
Formal schooling and foreign language
extra-curricular activities complement each other so they are both
very important.
3.
If a man and wife have complementary
interests, they certainly have a common language.
4.
We all complimented Frank on his
promotion to the position of General Manager.
5.
I don’t have a favorable impression
of Susan as she likes to fish for compliments
6.
The word “interesting” is an object
complement in the sentence.
7.
The duchess’s crimson evening dress
complemented her fair complexion and regular features.
8.
This latest grammar book published by
the Foreign Language Education Press is complementary to the two
earlier grammar books.
9.
Please give my compliments to your
grandmother.
10.
Whenever Betty was paid a compliment
to her excellent teaching, she replied with a courteous “Thank
you!”
11.
A writer can usually get 20 copies of
a new book after it is published.
12.
Good jokes and anecdotes are nice
complements to a wedding.
13.
When offered the complimentary
tickets to the Flower Show, he accepted them readily.
14.
Her Majesty’s presence at the
reception was a compliment in itself.
15.
I am positive that the new film will
receive complimentary reviews.
measure: (uncountable) a system for calculating
amount, size, weight, etc. ; (countable) an amount in such a system
or an instrument or apparatus used for calculating amount, weight,
etc., especially a stick or container
量度，计量制，度量衡制；计量单位，量度单位，量具，量器
v
E.g.: An ounce in liquid measure is
different from an ounce in dry measure.
液量的一盎司不同于干量的一盎司。
v
An
hour is a measure of time.
小时是时间的量度单位。
v
This
glass is a litre measure.
这个玻璃杯是公升量器。
v
The tailor used a tape measure to get
the man’s measurements.
裁缝用一根软尺来量那个人的尺寸。
measurement: (uncountable) the act of measuring;
(countable, especially plural) a length, height, etc., found by
measuring places, people, etc.
计量；尺寸，大小
v
E.g.: They use a different system of
measurement from us.
他们使用一种与我们不同的计量制度。
v
What
are the measurements of the room / her measurements?
这间房间的面积 /
她的尺寸是多少？
medium: refers to an intervening substance through
which a force may act or in which an effect may be
produced:
v
Copper
is a good medium for the conduction of heat and
electricity.
v
Air
is a medium of sound.
v
Medium may also designate a means,
technique or vehicle of expression, or the material used for such
expression:
v
a
sculptor whose favourite medium is stone.
standard: implies an objective, impartial rule or
set of rules that have actually been worked out in
advance:
v
the
army’s standards for physical fitness
v
research
that does not meet our standard for accuracy
1.
In our own economic system money gives a universal
measure of values, a convenient medium of exchange through which we
can buy and sell almost anything.
2.
In any economic system money provides for the
measurement of services against things.
3.
Just as copper is a good medium for the conduction
of heat and electricity, so is air a medium of sound.
4.
He could not join the army because he did not pass
the army’s standards for physical fitness.
5.
Betty liked to have her clothes made to measure
but I preferred ready-made clothes.
6.
The tailor made the dress specially for her after
taking careful measurements.
7.
On such occasions we were so moved that words
failed to give the measure of our gratitude.
8.
The measurements of this classroom are 5 by 7
meters.
9.
The new hotel near the airport is a four-star
hotel about the same standard as the Rainbow Hotel.
10.
Recently she has put on a lot of
weight and her waist measurement is now 32 inches.
11.
Many joint ventures usually make the
vacant positions known through the medium of the evening
newspaper.
12.
Though the film is by no means
excellent by the contemporary standards, it has been a minor
classic since it was released in 1924.
[1] To clamp (the teeth) together.
[2] (usually plural)（工资外的）额外补贴
[3] to spoil sth. because you do not do it
very well. e.g. Critics accused him of murdering the English
language.
[5] To accept or pay as valid: honor a check; a store that honors
all credit cards.
[6] 1. to be trusted to do sth. 2.
(old-fashioned)以名誉担保
[7] 1. Friendly enough to exchange superficial
remarks: We're on speaking terms with the new neighbors.
2.
Ready and willing to communicate; not alienated or estranged: on
speaking terms again after their quarrel.
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