格才教育：Jerry

                                  货代英语临门一脚

Unit 7 The Practice of International Ocean Cargo Transportation

1. The international shipping market offers four types of services, namely, conference lines, non-conference lines, non-vessel operating common carriers, and tramp service.四种船运服务：班轮公会、非班轮公会、无船承运人和不定期船运输。

2. The main advantages of the conference system to shippers are stability of freight rates and regularity of services. The disadvantages are obvious. Rates are usually high. Rates do not fluctuate according to supply and demand as in tramp service. Rules and procedures are inflexible.班轮的优点：运价稳定和服务常规；缺点：运价高、不波动、规则和程序不灵活。

3. In recent years, along most international routes, non-conference lines have posed a challenge to the conference system. This is attributable to the development of containerization and the emergence of many independent carriers.非班轮公会崛起的原因：集装箱运输的发展和独立承运人的出现。

4.An NVOCC is a carrier who operates a regular scheduled service. He does not own or operate the vessels by which sea transportation is provided. Although the NVOCC is a carrier in his relationship with the actual shipper, he is a shipper in his relationship with the actual carrier. He renders a useful service by providing groupage or consolidation services.无船承运人的双重身份和集拼服务。

5. Tramp service has to fixed itinerary or schedule and is operated on any route according to supply and demand.不定期船即租船运输，不四固定特点。

6. A B/L by itself is not a contract of carriage as it is signed only by the carrier. However, it provides evidence of contract of carriage. It serves as a receipt for goods delivered to the carrier and a document of title.提单的三大功能：运输合同证明、货物收据和物权凭证。

7. A sea waybill is a replacement for the traditional ocean bill of lading. The waybill is a non-negotiable document made out to a named consignee.海运单不可转让和记名抬头。

8. The manifest is prepared by the carrier’s agent.舱单承运人签发。

9. A shipping note is issued by a shipper to a carrier.托运单发货人签发。

10. A delivery order is issued by a carrier or his agent.提货单承运人签发。

11. A mate’s receipt is a receipt issued by a carrier.大副收据承运人签发，并且可以换成提单。

Unit 8 Chartering Business

1. The term charter party is employed to describe contracts relating to the use of vessels owned or controlled by others.租约的定义，即租船合同。

2. The three principal methods of chartering a tramp ship are voyage charter, time charter, and bareboat charter.三种租船方式：程租、期租和光船租船。

3. Under a voyage charter, a ship is chartered for a one-way voyage between specified ports with a specified cargo at a negotiated rate of freight.程租的定义。

4. The relationship between the parties is governed by the voyage charter party.程租租约的作用。

5. Under a voyage charter the shipowner retains the operational control of the vessel and is responsible for all the operating expenses such as port charges, bunkers, taxes, and so on.程租，船东负责一切。

6. There are several standard forms of voyage charter party used. A typical example is the GENCON form.程租标准租船合同范本为：金康。

7. Under a time charter, the crew is employed by the shipowner, who is also responsible for the nautical operation and maintenance of the vessel and supervision of the cargo.期租，船东控制船，承担固定费用；租船人付可变费用。

8. The two major forms are NYPE and BALTIME. By far the largest number  of time charters are fixed on the basis of the NYPE Charter Party.期租合同范本：土产格式和波尔地膜。其中土产格式用的最广。

9. In bareboat chartering, the charterer thus will take over almost all of the shipowner’s functions.光船租船，承租人控制一切。

10. Bareboat chartering is less common than other types of chartering.光船用的少。

11. There is only one standard form of bareboat charter party used to any great extent and that is the BARECON form designed by BIMCO.光船租船标准合同范本：贝尔康。

Unit 9 Marine Bills of Lading

1. Generally, Marine Bills of Lading is a receipt for goods shipped, a document of title to the goods, and evidence of the terms of the contract of affreightment.提单三大功能：运输合同证明、货物收据和物权凭证。

2. The holder of a bill of lading is able to obtain delivery of goods at the port of destination and during transit the goods can be sold merely by endorsing the bill of lading.提单可以提货和通过背书手续可以转让提单。

3.The terms of a bill of lading contain the terms of contract.提单条款包含了运输条款。

4. An order bill of lading is a negotiable document.指示提单可以转让。

5. Order bills made out to consignee “or order” can be transferred by endorsement.指示提单可以背书转让。

6. Straight bills are not negotiable and cannot be transferred to third parties.记名提单不可以转让。

7. Shipped bills state definitely that goods have been loaded.已装船提单表明货物已经装船。

8. Direct bills of lading are those covering shipments between direct ports of lading or discharge.直达提单表明是直达刚港口的提单。

9. Usually, the words “apparent good order and condition, clean on board” or the like are indicated on a clean B/L.清洁提单上会写明“表面状况良好已装船”。

10. A foul bill of lading-unclean bill of lading, dirty bill of lading or claused bill of lading is the opposite of the clean bill of lading.不清洁提单的四种表达。

11.Usually,the words “unclean on board” or the like are indicated on the B/L, for example, “insufficient packing”, “missing safety seal” and “one carton short”.不清洁提单上注明的语句。

12.A ship’s port agent, in fact ,may be given the task of drawing up bills of lading.起草提单的人。

13.The shipper is the person usually the exporter, who sends the goods. Consignee refers to the person entitled to take delivery of the goods. Carrier is the person or company who has concluded a contract with the shipper for carriage of the goods. Notify Party is the party that the carrier must notify when the goods arrive at the port of destination.提单中的几个当事人：托运人、收货人、承运人、被通知人。

14. Relevant comments should be entered in either tally or mate’s receipts, and thereafter in bills of lading.对货物描绘的批注应写在理货单或大副收据上，然后转写到提单上。

15. An easy-to-use online bill of lading generator will save time and provide the documents instantly.电子提单的优势：迅速和省时。

16.The electronic delivery of the bill of lading document, which allows a buyer to take title to the goods once they have arrived at port, will speed up the trade finance process.提货快，拿钱快。

17.The advantages of electronic delivery of a bill of lading are to reduce the time for the forwarding and presentation of documents. The exporter gets paid more quickly and the importer gets title to the goods sooner. It also eliminates the risk of error and reduces the costs related to manual document preparation.优势多多。