•
Romance and Adventure
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Robert Louis Stevenson wrote stories in a
light轻松愉快的mood.
•
His novels of adventure are exciting and delightful:
•
Treasure Island (1883), Kidnapped
(1886),
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As a short-story writer Stevenson ranks high.
•
In light verse and in the informal essay Stevenson was unusually
successful.
•
•
Treasure Island is a classic
adventure story,
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an ordinary boy, Jim Hawkins,
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transported to a treacherous(奸诈的) world of pirates and buried
treasure.
•
•
Jim's adventures begin when he and his mother discover a pirate map
in the chest of Billy Bones, a guest at their lodging-house.
•
•
Jim's experiences on the ship Hispaniola and on Treasure
Island test his resourcefulness and teach him important lessons
about loyalty and physical courage.
•
•
his most important lesson grows out of his relationship with the
one-legged pirate, Long John Silver，a lesson about the moral
ambiguity(不明确) of good and evil.
•
•
Rudyard Kipling吉卜林(1865-1936), English writer and Nobel
laureate,
•
In 1907 he was the first British writer to win the Nobel Prize for
Literature.
•
wrote novels, poems, and short stories, mostly set in India and
Burma (now known as Myanmar缅甸) during the time of British rule.
•
his short stories
•
He glamorized the foreign service and satirized the English
military and administrative classes in India.
•
•
The Jungle Book is a collection
of stories
•
the experiences of a human child, Mowgli, who is adopted and raised
by wolves in an Indian jungle.
•
As he grows up, he learns the ways of the jungle and the different
personalities of its animals.
•
•
He is accepted as a 'wolf' by the other animals, but when he is
finally exposed to humans, he begins to question his own
identity.
•
He resists the realization that he is human because he is
dismayed(沮丧) by the greed and destructiveness of those who invade
the jungle.
•
the greed of humans is beyond his understanding.
•
Through a series of adventures in which he must defeat his sworn
enemy, the tiger, and overcome many obstacles,
•
he eventually comes to accept his humanness.
•
•
Lewis Carroll (1832-98), English author, mathematician, and
logician,
•
best known for his creation of the immortal fantasy
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
•
Carroll originally wrote this children’s story for his friend’s
daughter.
•
Alice in Wonderland captures the readers’ imagination
through Carroll’s good humor and nonsensical荒谬的verse.
•
•
Oscar Wilde
王尔德(1854-1900), Irish-born writer and wit,才子who
was the chief proponent (支持者) of the Aesthetic Movement (唯美主义运动
)
•
English artistic movement of the late 19th century,
•
dedicated to the idea of art for art's sake
•
art concerned solely with beauty and not with any moral or social
purpose.
•
achieved widespread fame as a dramatist, novelist, essayist, short
story writer, literary critic, and poet.
•
one of the most prominent of the literary Decadents 颓废派
•
English writers of the 1890s who adhered to the doctrine “art for
art’s sake,”
•
and whose works exhibited a fascination with the morbid 病态的and
perverse不正当的.
•
He was over-dressed, pompous华而不实的, snobbish, sentimental and
vain.
•
•
George Bernard
Shaw 肖伯纳(1856-1950), Irish
playwright.
•
the most significant British dramatist since William
Shakespeare.
•
His plays are essentially brilliant dialogues on such topics as
religion, politics, money, science, marriage, and art.
•
known for using comedy to expose social evils, and exploring
philosophical ideas in his plays
•
created probably the most memorable collection of dramatic
characters since the 17th century.
•
an ardent (热心的) socialist
•
•
Man and Superman (1905),
•
transformed the Don Juan legend into a play
•
a comedy of manners about love and money
•
世态喜剧
•
•
the third act,
•
“Don Juan in Hell,”
•
a dream sequence
•
In this play within the play, the conventional notion of heaven is
turned into hell.
•
The devil argued with Don Juan
•
Don Juan presents reasons for improving life on Earth.
•
Shaw’s comic
masterpiece, Pygmalion卖花女
•
皮格马利翁(1913)
•
based on the ancient Roman myth about a sculptor (Pygmalion) who
falls in love with the beautiful statue of a woman he has
created.
•
deals with issues of class社会等级and social power.
•
exposes the power imbalance between the Cockney伦敦腔flower seller,
Eliza Doolittle, and the professor of phonetics, Henry Higgins,
•
who agrees on a bet to teach her to speak
properly and pass her off冒充as a duchess.女公爵
•
But Higgins never gives
a thought to what will happen to Eliza after he wins the bet.
•
“Why did you take my independence from me? Why
did I give it up? I’m a slave now, for all my fine clothes,”
Doolittle says, after Higgins has transformed her into a lady.
•
When Eliza finally defies Higgins and reasserts her independence
(“I’m not afraid of you and can do without you”),
•
Higgins is impressed: “Eliza, I said I’d make a woman of you; and I
have.… Now you’re a tower of strength.…”
•
the Broadway musical comedy hit
•
My Fair Lady (1956)
•
film musical My Fair Lady (1964)
•the only person to have been awarded both the Nobel Prize for
Literature (1925) and an Oscar (1938)
•for his contributions to literature and for his work on the
film Pygmalion, respectively
•wanted to refuse his Nobel Prize outright because he had no
desire for public honors
•accepted it at his wife's behest
•she considered it a tribute to Ireland
•rejected the monetary award
•requesting it be used to finance translation of Swedish books
to English
•There are two tragedies in life. One is not to get your heart‘s
desire. The other is to get
it.
人生不幸有二，一是欲望没有被满足，二是得到了满足。
•First love is only a little foolishness and a lot of
curiosity.
初恋只不过是些愚蠢加上大量的好奇。
•The more you learn, the more you know. The more you know, the more you forget. The more you
forget, the less you know. So why learn?
学得越多，知道得越多。知道得越多，忘得越多。忘得越多，知道得越少。那么何必学呢？
•
Birth of the Psychological Novel
•
As biology and psychology advanced, it became clear that human
beings could no longer be shown simply as heroes and villains.
•
The study of human character demanded the examination of motives
and causes rather than the making of moral judgments.
•
To find the cause of action meant probing into the secrets of
individual psychology.
•
Thomas Hardy (1840–1928).
•
A great novelist
•
wrote books that strike many readers as overly gloomy and
pessimistic.
•
a critical realist writer
•
also an accomplished poet
•
fictional accounts, of the fate of men and women in a harsh and
indifferent universe.
•
These men and women are favored by nature with such endowments (天资)
as character, beauty, intelligence, and talent,
•
but they receive little social support for their hopes and
ambitions. Most of his novels end in tragedy.
•
In general, a series of unfortunate events and their own character
flaws, rather than the plotting of a villain, bring about the
downfall of good characters.
•
All of Hardy’s novels are pervaded by a belief in a
deterministic(确定性的) universe, in which all events have a cause and
little is left to free will or chance.
•
In Hardy’s bleak (寒冷的) world view the fate of the individual is
occasionally altered by chance, but when human will attempts to
challenge the necessary forces of fate it invariably loses.
•
He tended to view his characters with irony and
sadness.
•
belief in determinism
•
“Pessimism,” he said, “is playing the sure
game.”
•
always set in Wessex,威塞克斯the fictional primitive and crude
region
•
Through vivid descriptions of the heath荒野, the fields, the seasons,
and the weather, Wessex attains a physical presence in Hardy’s
novels and acts as a mirror of the psychological conditions and the
misfortunes experienced by the characters.
•
“The bleared暗淡white visage景象of a sunless winter day emerged like a
dead born child.”
•
Almost all of Hardy’s novels have their advocates, but five are
usually placed in the first rank:
•
Far from the Madding Crowd 远离尘嚣(1874),
•
The Return of the Native (1878),
•
The Mayor of Casterbridge 卡斯特桥市长(1886),
•
Tess of the d’Urbervilles 德伯家的苔丝(1891),
•
Jude the Obscure 无名的裘德(1895).
•
Each of these mature novels presents a realistic sequence of events
concerning loves, ambitions, and conflicts.
•
In bold strokes, with humor and pathos, Hardy told gripping stories
about interesting people. Not surprisingly, many of his novels have
been made into distinguished motion-picture or television
presentations.
•
Jude the Obscure
•
The Return of the Native.
•
Far from the Madding Crowd
•
Tess
•
Tess of the D’Urbervilles
•
德伯家的苔丝
•
the story of a girl who is seduced and has an illegitimate
child私生子
•
Her child dies.
•
When she meets another man whom she wants to marry, she is unable
to tell him about her past until after their wedding.
•
Her husband abandons her, and Tess is driven by despair into the
arms of her former seducer.
•
When her husband returns, Tess kills the man she is living
with.
•
As the book ends, she is hanged.
•
the eldest of seven children. The subtitle to the novel, 'A Pure
Woman' emphasizes her purity,
•
but critics debate whether a woman who is seduced by one man,
marries another one who abandons her, and then kills the first,
could be considered 'pure.'
•
she is praised by critics who admire her steadfast hope under
adversity.
•
To some, she is like a figure from a folk ballad 'the deserted
maiden who murders her seducer with a knife,'
•
while to others, she is 'a girl who is at once a simple milkmaid
and an archetype of feminine strength.'
•
To Angel she is 'a regular churchgoer of simple faith;
honest-hearted, receptive, intelligent, graceful to a degree,
chaste as a vestal, and, in personal appearance, exceptionally
beautiful.'
•
She has 'passed the Sixth Standard in the National School,' and
thinks about becoming a teacher.
•
feels so much guilt when she unwittingly无意地causes the death of the
family horse, that she follows her parents' wish that she 'claim
kin' at the nearby d'Urberville estate.
•
She is shown as a hard worker, working in the
fields after her baby is born, working at the dairy, and, later,
working in the rutabaga fields at Flintcomb-Ash.
•
But for all her strength, she is like a trapped bird.
•
In her simplicity, she tries to do what is right, but her
well-meaning actions often are futile. Her effort to help her
family by going to the d'Urberville estate, ends with her
seduction;
•
when she tries to tell Angel about what happened between her and
Alec, she is unable to until after the wedding.
•
When Alec keeps pursuing her she tells him, 'Whip me, crush me....
I shall not cry out. Once victim, always victim—that's the
law.'
•
Later, she murders Alec in desperation
•
Before she is taken away by the police, she asks Angel to marry her
sister, 'Liza Lu.
•
Modern English Literature
•
Early 20th-Century Prose
•
The winner of the 1932 Nobel Prize in literature,
•
English novelist and playwright John Galsworthy高尔斯华绥
•
known for his novels about the Forsyte family.
•
the upper-middle-class family
•
discussing the conflict between the desire for financial gain and
humanitarianism.人道主义，博爱精神
•
A collection of five novels was published as The Forsyte
Saga in 1922. 福尔赛世家
•
H. G. Wells (1866-1946)
•
The first major writer
of science fiction in English
•
most famous for his science-fiction novels with their prophetic
depictions of the triumphs of technology
•
concerned about the social consequences of invention
•
questioned society’s chances for survival in a world in which
technological advances outpaced intellectual development.
•
his ideas about humanity's place in the universe, about the evils
of foreign conquests, and about human nature.
•
inspired many of the popular science-fiction stories of the present
day
•
alien invasion stories.
•
The Time Machine (1895)
•
Wells coaxes劝诱the reader into acceptance of the novel's basic
scientific premise前提—the concept of time as the fourth
dimension—both by the logic with which the time traveler explains
his machine and by the vividness of his trips through time.
•
Joseph
Conrad (1857-1924), Polish-born
English novelist, considered to be among the great modern English
writers,
•
Out of his years as a merchant-marine officer
Joseph Conrad wrote such remarkable novels as The Nigger of the
Narcissus白水仙号上的黑家伙(1898) and Lord Jim (1900).
•
The scenes, chiefly of a wild and turbulent sea, are exotic and
exciting.
•
best known for his classic story Heart of Darkness
(1902),
•
In 1890 Conrad sailed
to the Belgian Congo. 刚果
•
he reworked his memories of this trip into his
novella Heart of Darkness,
•
explores the character of the ivory trader Kurtz, who proves to be
far more savage than the supposedly “savage” Africans among whom he
lives.
•
a journey to the heart of the African continent.
•
Marlow—who is charged with finding Kurtz and learning the secret of
his success in exporting ivory—recognizes the decay and corruption
of colonial imperialists.帝国主义者
•
find Kurtz ill and nearly consumed by evil.
•
Kurtz's soul—not Africa—is the true heart of darkness.
•
Early 20th-Century Poetry
•
William Butler
Yeats (1865-1939), 叶芝
•
Irish poet and dramatist,
•
winner of the 1923 Nobel Prize for literature,
•
composed some of the most respected poetry of the 20th century.
•
The themes of art, Irish nationalism, and occult studies all serve
as central ideas in Yeats’s works.
•
Yeats’s poem “Second Coming” (1920-1921),
•
prophesies an imminent Armageddon.
•
WHEN YOU ARE OLD
•
When you are old and gray and full of sleep
•
And nodding by the fire, take down this book,
•
And slowly read, and dream of the soft look
•
Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;
•
当年华已逝，你两鬓斑白，倦意沉沉，
•
在炉火旁打盹时，取下这本书，
•
慢慢吟读，梦回你眼睛曾经
•
有过的柔光，以及那深深波影；
•
《当年华已逝》
•
How many loved your moments of glad grace,
•
And loved your beauty with love false or true;
•
But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you,
•
And loved the sorrows of your changing face.
•
多少人爱过你的美丽，
爱过你欢乐而迷人的青春，
只有一个人爱你那至诚的心灵，
•
爱你衰老了的脸上痛苦的皱纹；
•
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